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Russian and Chinese trucks, and the obligation to provide transit facilities (UNCTAD 2002a). Rail The Ulaanbaatar Railway is Mongolia’s primary transportation infrastructure, linking freight and passengers with Russia and China. It serves the three largest industrial areas of Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and Erdenet. There is little competition to the rail network from the road network. The three principal rail transit routes are via China to Tianjin (Xingang),via Russia to Vladivostok, Nakhoda or Vostochny, and via Russia to St Petersburg. Rail cargo to and from Russia and Europe is transported via a broad-gauge line with no interruption. Cargo to and from China however must be transshipped at Zamyn Uud because of two different rail gauges. Slow transshipment during peak harvest period in China is reported to remain a major concern to Mongolia (UNCTAD 1999a). POLITICAL RELATIONS Mongolia has a free trade regime, with no quotas or onerous licensing requirements (USCS 2001). China is Mongolia’s largest trade partner (IMF DOTS 2002) and the largest foreign investor (CountryWatch 2002). Relations with China had been mixed prior to 1989, with a general improvement since then to the point where President Bagabandi was the first Mongolian head of state to visit China. Mongolia’s relationship with Russia has also been improving since the early 1990s and the Soviet troop withdrawal in September 1992. The two countries have signed a number of treaties on trade, security and stability, including a transit agreement allowing tax-free and fee-free transit. - 93 -
CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUCASUS The location of the Caucasus landlocked countries, Armenia and Azerbaijan, at the bridge of the traditional east-west Silk Route connecting East Asia to Europe, holds large potential benefits for both countries. The planned revival of the Silk Route as a network of major transport corridors could potentially help these countries become vital transit links between East and West. Yet, in their current state, both Armenia and Azerbaijan suffer extensively as landlocked countries. Regional tensions, including boundary disputes over the Caspian Sea, ethnic disputes and steadfast Russian alliances have hindered any serious attempts at regional integration. In fact, such disputes have resulted in the closure of both the Armenia- Azerbaijan and Armenia-Turkey border. Armenia and Azerbaijan have also suffered from surrounding civil conflicts that have limited the use of potential corridors. The Georgian civil war began in 1992, hindering the use of the Georgian corridor and resulting in severely dilapidated infrastructure on the route. Similarly, - 94 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
Page 47 and 48: section on Uganda. The Central Corr
Page 49 and 50: BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
Page 51 and 52: In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
Page 53 and 54: Recognizing the dramatic effects th
Page 55 and 56: AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
Page 57 and 58: of transit. In fact, the landlocked
Page 59 and 60: only hindering normal road traffic
Page 61 and 62: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
Page 63 and 64: Relations with the eastern neighbor
Page 65 and 66: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88: The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90: TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92: Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94: Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96: MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110: With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112: and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116: NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118: More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120: links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
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ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
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UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
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EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
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Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
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USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
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CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
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World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
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World Audit (2001). World Democracy
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MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168:
WDI (2002). World Development Indic
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UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
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Map 1
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Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
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Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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