the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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improvement. This has been reflected by the recent cooperation to improve the Nacala corridor. Malawi’s cordial relations with its other neighbors have been fostered by its general policy of neutrality during regional conflicts. Malawi has also displayed a commitment to maintaining border security. After a conflict flared on the Malawi-Tanzania border in early 2001, for example, Malawi sent security personnel to meet with Tanzanian representatives and agreed to send more border patrols to prevent further violence. While Malawi’s relations with its most important trading partner, South Africa, have also remained strong, bilateral tariffs between these countries remain notably high. Malawi faces the highest average tariff rate (21%) amongst SADC countries from South Africa and imposes a higher average tariff against South African goods than any other southern African country. - 27 -
SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked, Swaziland’s location allows it convenient and direct access to port. Unlike Lesotho, Swaziland is not completely dependent on South Africa for transit freight; it can either use the Mozambican corridor to Maputo (224km) or South Africa’s corridors to Durban (562 km) and Richards Bay (480 km). All of these corridors require only one border crossing. Swaziland’s propitious location is complemented by its extensive, diverse and wellmaintained transport infrastructure. Moreover, the local focus of Swaziland’s trade, with 93% of total imports coming from South Africa, and 60% of total exports going to its neighbor, limit the effects of being landlocked on trade cost. Reflecting Swaziland’s marginal degree of landlockedness, the country boasts the highest level of human development, most FDI received and lowest transport cost to export value ratio amongst the southern African landlocked countries. TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road Swaziland depends on the road corridors of both South Africa and Mozambique for its trade. While South Africa’s roads are of extremely good quality, Mozambique’s have suffered from its recent civil war. But unlike the problems faced by Malawian transit trade, the effects of Mozambique’s civil war on Swaziland’s trade have been limited due its close proximity to the port of Maputo. BASIC INFORMATION HDI Rank: 125 GDP per capita 2000 (PPP$): $4,492 Exports per capita 2000 (current USD): $928 Distance to port: 193km Transport cost ratio: (2000) 0.02 Neighbors: Mozambique, South Africa Primary transit countries: Mozambique, South Africa Main trading partners (2001): Imports: South Africa (93%) Exports: South Africa (60%) -EIU 2002 Primary Exports (2000): Miscellaneous Edibles (28%) Consumable Finished Goods (15%) Sugar (13%) Domestic Roads: good Transit Country Roads: good Domestic Rails: Transit Country Rails: good good Swaziland’s domestic roads are in very good condition and are considered to be operating relatively efficiently. The main road from Mbabane to Manzini has recently been upgraded to a double carriage highway. Swaziland has also Transit Country Ports: successfully committed itself to providing transport links for rural communities to access the main network. Rail Swaziland Railways (SR) is one of only a few profitable railways in Africa and is considered to run efficiently. With 300 km of internal rails, SR provides essential links to the rail systems of South Africa and Mozambique, which ultimately connect to the ports of Durban, Richards Bay and Maputo. The rail system has benefited from the recent US$67 million rehabilitation and expansion of the line to Mozambique. In 1995, Swaziland Railways signed an agreement with the Mozambican Railway Authorities that provides for the good Neighboring Civil Conflict: low Relations w/ Neighbors: good - 28 -
Page 1 and 2: THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
Page 3 and 4: to link to global markets. In doing
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10: First, landlocked countries are dep
Page 11 and 12: together a wide variety of sources,
Page 13 and 14: infrastructure. In these cases the
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
Page 17 and 18: the Central African Republic - Came
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
Page 21 and 22: • The southern African landlocked
Page 23 and 24: PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
Page 25 and 26: Internal transport networks in the
Page 27 and 28: Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
Page 29 and 30: POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
Page 31: elatively better quality than most
Page 35 and 36: ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
Page 37 and 38: Relations with South Africa have be
Page 39 and 40: Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
Page 41 and 42: TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
Page 43 and 44: UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
Page 45 and 46: POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
Page 47 and 48: section on Uganda. The Central Corr
Page 49 and 50: BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
Page 51 and 52: In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
Page 53 and 54: Recognizing the dramatic effects th
Page 55 and 56: AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
Page 57 and 58: of transit. In fact, the landlocked
Page 59 and 60: only hindering normal road traffic
Page 61 and 62: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
Page 63 and 64: Relations with the eastern neighbor
Page 65 and 66: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84:
KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86:
POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88:
The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90:
TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92:
Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94:
Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96:
MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98:
MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100:
CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102:
ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104:
With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106:
worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108:
ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110:
With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112:
and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114:
Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116:
NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118:
More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120:
links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122:
developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124:
PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126:
BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128:
GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130:
United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132:
BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134:
EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136:
ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138:
AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140:
EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142:
Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144:
- 138 -
Page 145 and 146:
Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148:
Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150:
ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152:
UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154:
EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156:
Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158:
USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160:
CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162:
World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164:
World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166:
MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168:
WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170:
UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172:
Map 1
Page 173 and 174:
Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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