the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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HDI rank Table 1: Human Development - Rankings and Components Country HDI HDI Components HDI Country HDI rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education GDP /capita HDI Components Life Expectancy Education Medium human development 117 Gabon 0.64 6,237 0.46 0.76 54 Mexico 0.80 9,023 0.79 0.84 118 Nicaragua 0.64 2,366 0.72 0.65 55 Cuba 0.80 0.85 0.90 119 Sao Tome and Principe 0.63 1,792 0.67 0.75 56 Belarus 0.79 7,544 0.73 0.92 120 Guatemala 0.63 3,821 0.66 0.62 57 Panama 0.79 6,000 0.82 0.86 121 Solomon Islands 0.62 1,648 0.72 0.68 58 Belize 0.78 5,606 0.82 0.86 122 Namibia 0.61 6,431 0.33 0.81 59 Malaysia 0.78 9,068 0.79 0.80 123 Morocco 0.60 3,546 0.71 0.50 60 Russian Federation 0.78 8,377 0.68 0.92 124 India 0.58 2,358 0.64 0.57 61 Dominica 0.78 5,880 0.80 0.86 125 Swaziland 0.58 4,492 0.32 0.77 62 Bulgaria 0.78 5,710 0.76 0.90 126 Botswana 0.57 7,184 0.25 0.75 63 Romania 0.78 6,423 0.75 0.88 127 Myanmar 0.55 1,027 0.52 0.75 64 Libya 0.77 7,570 0.76 0.84 128 Zimbabwe 0.55 2,635 0.30 0.81 65 Macedonia 0.77 5,086 0.80 0.86 129 Ghana 0.55 1,964 0.53 0.62 66 Saint Lucia 0.77 5,703 0.81 0.83 130 Cambodia 0.54 1,446 0.52 0.66 67 Mauritius 0.77 10,017 0.77 0.77 131 Vanuatu 0.54 2,802 0.72 0.35 68 Colombia 0.77 6,248 0.77 0.85 132 Lesotho 0.54 2,031 0.34 0.76 69 Venezuela 0.77 5,794 0.80 0.83 133 Papua New Guinea 0.54 2,280 0.53 0.55 70 Thailand 0.76 6,402 0.75 0.84 134 Kenya 0.51 1,022 0.43 0.72 71 Saudi Arabia 0.76 11,367 0.78 0.71 135 Cameroon 0.51 1,703 0.42 0.65 72 Fiji 0.76 4,668 0.73 0.90 136 Congo 0.51 825 0.44 0.75 73 Brazil 0.76 7,625 0.71 0.83 137 Comoros 0.51 1,588 0.58 0.49 74 Suriname 0.76 3,799 0.76 0.90 75 Lebanon 0.76 4,308 0.80 0.83 Low human development 76 Armenia 0.75 2,559 0.80 0.92 138 Pakistan 0.50 1,928 0.58 0.42 77 Philippines 0.75 3,971 0.74 0.91 139 Sudan 0.50 1,797 0.52 0.50 78 Oman 0.75 13,356 0.77 0.67 140 Bhutan 0.49 1,412 0.62 0.42 79 Kazakhstan 0.75 5,871 0.66 0.91 141 Togo 0.49 1,442 0.45 0.59 80 Ukraine 0.75 3,816 0.72 0.92 142 Nepal 0.49 1,327 0.56 0.48 81 Georgia 0.75 2,664 0.80 0.89 143 Laos 0.49 1,575 0.47 0.52 82 Peru 0.75 4,799 0.73 0.87 144 Yemen 0.48 893 0.59 0.48 83 Grenada 0.75 7,580 0.67 0.85 145 Bangladesh 0.48 1,602 0.57 0.40 84 Maldives 0.74 4,485 0.69 0.90 146 Haiti 0.47 1,467 0.46 0.50 85 Turkey 0.74 6,974 0.75 0.77 147 Madagascar 0.47 840 0.46 0.59 86 Jamaica 0.74 3,639 0.84 0.79 148 Nigeria 0.46 896 0.44 0.58 87 Turkmenistan 0.74 3,956 0.69 0.92 149 Djibouti 0.45 2,377 0.30 0.50 88 Azerbaijan 0.74 2,936 0.78 0.88 150 Uganda 0.44 1,208 0.32 0.60 89 Sri Lanka 0.74 3,530 0.79 0.84 151 Tanzania 0.44 523 0.43 0.61 90 Paraguay 0.74 4,426 0.75 0.83 152 Mauritania 0.44 1,677 0.44 0.40 91 Saint Vincent and the Gre0.73 5,555 0.74 0.79 153 Zambia 0.43 780 0.27 0.68 92 Albania 0.73 3,506 0.80 0.80 154 Senegal 0.43 1,510 0.47 0.37 93 Ecuador 0.73 3,203 0.75 0.87 155 Congo, DR 0.43 765 0.44 0.51 94 Dominican Republic 0.73 6,033 0.70 0.80 156 Côte d'Ivoire 0.43 1,630 0.38 0.44 95 Uzbekistan 0.73 2,441 0.73 0.91 157 Eritrea 0.42 837 0.45 0.46 96 China 0.73 3,976 0.76 0.80 158 Benin 0.42 990 0.48 0.40 97 Tunisia 0.72 6,363 0.75 0.72 159 Guinea 0.41 1,982 0.38 0.37 98 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 0.72 5,884 0.73 0.75 160 Gambia 0.41 1,649 0.35 0.39 99 Jordan 0.72 3,966 0.76 0.78 161 Angola 0.40 2,187 0.34 0.36 100 Cape Verde 0.72 4,863 0.75 0.75 162 Rwanda 0.40 943 0.25 0.58 101 Samoa (Western) 0.72 5,041 0.74 0.75 163 Malawi 0.40 615 0.25 0.65 102 Kyrgyzstan 0.71 2,711 0.71 0.87 164 Mali 0.39 797 0.44 0.37 103 Guyana 0.71 3,963 0.63 0.88 165 CAR 0.38 1,172 0.32 0.39 104 El Salvador 0.71 4,497 0.75 0.74 166 Chad 0.37 871 0.35 0.39 105 Moldova 0.70 2,109 0.69 0.90 167 Guinea-Bissau 0.35 755 0.33 0.38 106 Algeria 0.70 5,308 0.74 0.69 168 Ethiopia 0.33 668 0.31 0.35 107 South Africa 0.70 9,401 0.45 0.88 169 Burkina Faso 0.33 976 0.36 0.23 108 Syrian Arab Republic 0.69 3,556 0.77 0.71 170 Mozambique 0.32 854 0.24 0.37 109 Viet Nam 0.69 1,996 0.72 0.84 171 Burundi 0.31 591 0.26 0.38 110 Indonesia 0.68 3,043 0.69 0.79 172 Niger 0.28 746 0.34 0.16 111 Equatorial Guinea 0.68 15,073 0.43 0.77 173 Sierra Leone 0.28 490 0.23 0.33 112 Tajikistan 0.67 1,152 0.71 0.88 . Afghanistan . . . . 113 Mongolia 0.66 1,783 0.63 0.85 114 Bolivia 0.65 2,424 0.62 0.80 Average 0.61 3636.01 0.60 0.69 115 Egypt 0.64 3,635 0.70 0.62 Average over maritime 0.82 4902.48 0.80 0.93 116 Honduras 0.64 2,453 0.68 0.70 Average over landlocked 0.55 2420.03 0.50 0.67 Source: Human Development Report (2002) Note: No data available for Afghanistan
Table 2: Human Development - Rankings and Components by Region Southern Africa East Asia HDI Country HDI HDI Components HDI Country HDI HDI Components rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education 107 South Africa 0.70 9401 0.45 0.88 70 Thailand 0.76 6402 0.75 0.84 122 Namibia 0.61 6431 0.33 0.81 109 Vietnam 0.69 1996 0.72 0.84 125 Swaziland 0.58 4492 0.32 0.77 124 India 0.58 2358 0.64 0.57 126 Botswana 0.57 7184 0.25 0.75 127 Myanmar 0.55 1027 0.52 0.75 128 Zimbabwe 0.55 2635 0.3 0.81 130 Cambodia 0.54 1446 0.52 0.66 132 Lesotho 0.54 2031 0.34 0.76 140 Bhutan 0.49 1412 0.62 0.42 153 Zambia 0.43 780 0.27 0.68 142 Nepal 0.49 1327 0.56 0.48 161 Angola 0.40 2187 0.34 0.36 143 Laos 0.49 1575 0.47 0.52 163 Malawi 0.40 615 0.25 0.65 145 Bangladesh 0.48 1602 0.57 0.40 170 Mozambique 0.32 854 0.24 0.37 Average over maritime 0.60 2472 0.62 0.68 Average over maritime 0.51 5211 0.32 0.63 Average over landlocked 0.49 1438 0.55 0.47 Average over landlocked 0.51 2111 0.30 0.73 Western Africa Central Asia HDI Country HDI HDI Components HDI Country HDI HDI Components rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education 111 Equatorial Guinea 0.68 15073 0.43 0.77 60 Russia 0.78 8377 0.68 0.92 117 Gabon 0.64 6237 0.46 0.76 62 Bulgaria 0.78 5710 0.76 0.90 129 Ghana 0.55 1964 0.53 0.62 63 Romania 0.78 6423 0.75 0.88 135 Cameroon 0.51 1703 0.42 0.65 76 Armenia 0.75 2559 0.80 0.92 136 Congo 0.51 825 0.44 0.75 79 Kazakhstan 0.75 5871 0.66 0.91 141 Togo 0.49 1442 0.45 0.59 80 Ukraine 0.75 3816 0.72 0.92 148 Nigeria 0.46 896 0.44 0.58 81 Georgia 0.75 2664 0.80 0.89 152 Mauritania 0.44 1677 0.44 0.40 85 Turkey 0.74 6974 0.75 0.77 154 Senegal 0.43 1510 0.47 0.37 87 Turkmenistan 0.74 3956 0.69 0.92 156 Cote d'Ivoire 0.43 1630 0.38 0.44 88 Azerbaijan 0.74 2936 0.78 0.88 158 Benin 0.42 990 0.48 0.40 95 Uzbekistan 0.73 2441 0.73 0.91 159 Guinea 0.41 1982 0.38 0.37 102 Kyrgyzstan 0.71 2711 0.71 0.87 160 Gambia 0.41 1649 0.35 0.39 105 Moldova 0.70 2109 0.69 0.90 164 Mali 0.39 797 0.44 0.37 112 Tajikistan 0.67 1152 0.71 0.88 165 Central African Republic 0.38 1172 0.32 0.39 113 Mongolia 0.66 1783 0.63 0.85 166 Chad 0.37 871 0.35 0.39 . Afghanistan . . . . 167 Guinea-Bissau 0.35 755 0.33 0.38 Average over maritime 0.76 5661 0.74 0.88 169 Burkina Faso 0.33 976 0.36 0.23 Average over landlocked 0.72 2835 0.71 0.89 172 Niger 0.28 746 0.34 0.16 173 Sierra Leone 0.28 490 0.23 0.33 Average over maritime 0.47 2588 0.42 0.52 Average over landlocked 0.35 912 0.36 0.31 Eastern Africa Latin America HDI Country HDI HDI Components HDI Country HDI HDI Components rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education rank GDP Life /capita Expectancy Education 134 Kenya 0.51 1022 0.43 0.72 34 Argentina 0.84 12377 0.81 0.92 139 Sudan 0.50 1797 0.52 0.50 38 Chile 0.83 9417 0.84 0.90 149 Djibouti 0.45 2377 0.30 0.50 40 Uruguay 0.83 9035 0.82 0.92 150 Uganda 0.44 1208 0.32 0.60 73 Brazil 0.76 7625 0.71 0.83 151 Tanzania 0.44 523 0.43 0.61 82 Peru 0.75 4799 0.73 0.87 157 Eritrea 0.42 837 0.45 0.46 90 Paraguay 0.74 4426 0.75 0.83 162 Rwanda 0.40 943 0.25 0.58 114 Bolivia 0.65 2424 0.62 0.80 168 Ethiopia 0.33 668 0.31 0.35 Average over maritime 0.80 8651 0.78 0.89 171 Burundi 0.31 591 0.26 0.38 Average over landlocked 0.70 3425 0.69 0.82 Average over maritime 0.46 1311 0.43 0.56 Average over landlocked 0.37 853 0.29 0.48 Source: Human Development Report (2002)
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
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MALI Upon declaring independence in
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Finally, and most importantly for M
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TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
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ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
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AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
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Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
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Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
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KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
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The country’s two major highways,
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TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
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Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
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Domestic transport is hampered by t
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MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
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MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
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CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
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ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
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With the closure of the Turkish and
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worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
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ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
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With the exception of western Afric
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and exports pass through the port p
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Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
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NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
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More recently, India delayed the au
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links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166: MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170: UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171: Map 1
Page 175 and 176: Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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