the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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Table 3: Cost of Trade - Ratio of Transportation and Insurance to Value of Exports Country Southern Africa Ratio of Transport Costs to Value of Exports Country Ratio of Transport Costs to Value of Exports Swaziland 0.02 Nepal 0.05 Angola 0.08 Laos 0.08 South Africa 0.08 Thailand 0.08 Namibia 0.09 Cambodia 0.11 Lesotho 0.12 India 0.13 Zimbabwe 0.15 Bangladesh 0.14 Botswana 0.16 Myanmar . Zambia 0.17 Vietnam . Mozambique 0.28 Bhutan . Malawi 0.55 Average over maritime 0.12 Average over maritime 0.13 Average over landlocked 0.07 Average over landlocked 0.20 Western Africa East Asia Central Asia Country Ratio of Transport Costs to Value of Exports Country Ratio of Transport Costs to Value of Exports Nigeria 0.05 Russia 0.00 Sierra Leone 0.09 Ukraine 0.02 Cameroon 0.09 Kazakhstan 0.04 Cote d'Ivoire 0.11 Romania 0.05 Mauritania 0.12 Turkey 0.06 Guinea 0.14 Azerbaijan 0.07 Gabon 0.15 Georgia 0.08 Congo 0.17 Moldova 0.10 Senegal 0.18 Bulgaria 0.11 Ghana 0.18 Kyrgyzstan 0.13 Gambia 0.18 Turkmenistan 0.15 Togo 0.21 Mongolia 0.16 Central African Republic 0.26 Armenia 0.29 Burkina Faso 0.27 Afghanistan 0.35 Niger 0.28 Tajikistan . Guinea-Bissau 0.30 Uzbekistan . Mali 0.35 Average over maritime 0.05 Benin 0.37 Average over landlocked 0.16 Chad 0.51 Liberia . Equatorial Guinea . Average over maritime 0.17 Average over landlocked 0.33 Eastern Africa Latin America Country Ratio of Transport Costs to Value of Exports Country Ratio of Transport Costs to Value of Exports Kenya 0.13 Brazil 0.08 Tanzania 0.18 Argentina 0.08 Djibouti 0.21 Uruguay 0.10 Ethiopia 0.29 Peru 0.11 Sudan 0.29 Chile 0.11 Burundi 0.31 Paraguay 0.17 Uganda 0.35 Bolivia 0.21 Rwanda 0.51 Average over maritime 0.10 Eritrea . Average over landlocked 0.19 Somalia . Average over maritime 0.20 Average over landlocked 0.36 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics (2001); World Development Indicators (2002); Transport Costs & Exports have been matched by year.
Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 current US$) Southern Africa East Asia Country Exports per Capita Country Exports per Capita Swaziland 927 Thailand 1349 South Africa 854 Bhutan 179 Angola 606 Cambodia 106 Zimbabwe 178 India 63 Lesotho 126 Nepal 57 Zambia 88 Bangladesh 50 Malawi 43 Laos . Mozambique 32 Myanmar . Botswana . Viet Nam . Namibia . Average over maritime 391.9 Average over maritime 497.6 Average over landlocked 117.9 Average over landlocked 272.5 Western Africa Central Asia Country Exports per Capita Country Exports per Capita Equatorial Guinea 2784 Bulgaria 859 Gabon 1484 Russian Federation 791 Congo, Rep. 837 Turkey 746 Cote d'Ivoire 268 Kazakhstan 722 Cameroon 183 Romania 557 Nigeria 169 Turkmenistan 534 Gambia, The 155 Ukraine 394 Mauritania 145 Azerbaijan 266 Senegal 140 Mongolia 265 Ghana 132 Georgia 226 Guinea 105 Moldova 150 Togo 96 Uzbekistan 137 Guinea-Bissau 57 Tajikistan 130 Benin 53 Armenia 117 Mali 53 Kyrgyz Republic 115 Central African Republic 34 Afghanistan . Chad 30 Average over maritime 595.66 Niger 26 Average over landlocked 271 Sierra Leone 22 Burkina Faso 21 Liberia . Average over maritime 442.12 Average over landlocked 33 Eastern Africa Country Exports per Capita Country Exports per Capita Djibouti 390 Chile 1477.1 Kenya 91 Uruguay 1140.4 Sudan 62 Argentina 829.8 Tanzania 39 Brazil 380.0 Uganda 28 Peru 333.0 Eritrea 23 Paraguay 277.5 Rwanda 18 Bolivia 174.5 Ethiopia 15 Average over maritime 832.07 Burundi 9 Average over landlocked 225.98 Somalia . Average over maritime 121.17 Average over landlocked 17.54 Source: World Development Indicators (2002) Latin America
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
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MALI Upon declaring independence in
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Finally, and most importantly for M
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TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
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ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
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AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
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Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
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Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
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KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
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The country’s two major highways,
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TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
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Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
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Domestic transport is hampered by t
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MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
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MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
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CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
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ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
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With the closure of the Turkish and
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worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
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ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
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With the exception of western Afric
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and exports pass through the port p
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Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
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NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
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More recently, India delayed the au
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links to the railways of Argentina,
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developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166: MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170: UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172: Map 1
Page 173: Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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