the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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MacKellar, l., A. Wörgötter, et al. (2000). "Economic Development Problems of Landlocked Countries." Transition Economics Series 14. Pechata, V. (1973). The Right of Access to the Sea. Land-locked countries of Africa. Z. Cervenka. Uppsala, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Radelet, S. and J. Sachs (1998). Shipping Costs, Manufactured Exports, and Economic Growth. Presented at the American Economics Association annual meeting, January 1998. Sachs, J. (2000). Notes on a New Sociology of Economic Development. Culture matters : how values shape human progress. New York, Basic Books. Smith, A. (1776). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. London, A. Strahan and T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. Stone, J. I. (2001). Infrastructure Development in Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries: Foreign Aid, Private Investment and the Transport Cost Burden of Landlocked Developing Countries. Geneva, UNCTAD. UNCTAD/LDC/112. Subramanian, U. (2001). Transport and Logistics: Forging Sub-Regional Links. Meeting of Governmental Experts from Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries, World Bank. UNCTAD (1999a). Policies and Actions Taken by Individual Countries, and by International Organisations to Improve Transit Transport Systems. New York, UNCTAD. TD/B/LDC/AC.1/14/Add.1. UNCTAD (1999b). Improvement of Transit Transport Systems in Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries: Issues for Consideration. New York, UNCTAD. TD/B/LDC/AC.1/13. UNCTAD (2001a). Transit Systems of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries: Recent Developments and Proposals for Future Action. New York, UNCTAD. TD/B/LDC/AC.1/17. UNCTAD (2001b). Report of the Fifth Meeting of Governmental Experts from Land-locked and Transit Developing Countries and Representatives of Donor Countries and Financial and Development Institutions. New York, UNCTAD. TD/B/LDC/AC.1/18. UNCTAD (2002b). World Investment Report: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. Geneva, UNCTAD. UNDP (2001). Human Development Report. New York, UNDP. United Nations (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 10 December 1982. - 123 -
United Nations General Assembly (2000). Transit Environment in the Landlocked States in Central Asia and Their Transit Developing Neighbors. New York, United Nations. A/55/150. WDI (2002). World Development Indicators. Washington, World Bank. World Audit (2001). World Democracy Audit - Corruption Rankings, World Audit, http://www.worldaudit.org/corruption.htm. - 124 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
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MALI Upon declaring independence in
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Finally, and most importantly for M
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TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
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ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88: The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90: TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92: Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94: Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96: MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100: CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110: With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112: and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116: NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118: More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120: links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166: MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170: UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172: Map 1
Page 173 and 174: Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176: Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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