the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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ASIA - EASTERN BHUTAN ADB (2002). Annual Report 2001. Manila, Asian Development Bank. Canning, D. (1998). A Database of World Infrastructure Stocks, 1950-95. Washington, World Bank. Chakra Infrastructure Consultants (2001). Review of Progress in the Development of Transit Transport Systems in the India, Nepal and Bhutan Subregion. Geneva, UNCTAD. UNCTAD/LDC/114. CountryWatch (2002). Bhutan Country Review, CountryWatch. IFS (2002). International Financial Statistics. Washington, IMF. IMF (1999). Bhutan: Statistical Annex to IMF Staff Country Report 99/63. Washington, IMF. WDI (2002). World Development Indicators. Washington, World Bank. LAOS Cabanius, P. and K. Bouaphanh (2001). Review of Progress in the Developments of Transit Transport Systems in South-East Asia. Geneva, UNCTAD. UNCTAD/LDC/110. Hirsch, P. (1996). Development, the Environment and Hydro Projects in Laos. Generating Power and Money: Australia's and Thailand's Roles in Hydro Projects in Laos. IMF DOTS (2002). Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook. Washington, IMF. Narayanan, K. C. A. (1995). Transit Transport Systems in Asia. Geneva, UNCTAD. UNCTAD/LDC/98. Library of Congress (2002). Laos - A Country Study, Library of Congress. MITI (2002). Developments in the implementation of the CEPT Scheme for ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Government Ministry of International Trade and Industry. UNCTAD (1999a). Policies and Actions Taken by Individual Countries, and by International Organisations to Improve Transit Transport Systems. New York, UNCTAD. TD/B/LDC/AC.1/14/Add.1. - 159 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
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MALI Upon declaring independence in
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Finally, and most importantly for M
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TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
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ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
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AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
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Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
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Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
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KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
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The country’s two major highways,
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TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
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Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
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Domestic transport is hampered by t
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MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
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MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
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CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
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ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
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With the closure of the Turkish and
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worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
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ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
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With the exception of western Afric
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and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116: NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118: More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120: links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170: UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172: Map 1
Page 173 and 174: Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176: Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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