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BURKINA FASO Burkina Faso’s transit trade suffers from the concurrent problems of high levels of civil conflict in its neighbors, poor domestic infrastructure levels and cumbersome border and administrative procedures. In addition, despite Burkina Faso’s numerous potential routes to the sea, Burkinabe trade passes almost solely through its Francophone neighbors Côte d’Ivoire (to the port of Abidjan) and Togo (to the port of Lomé). Shorter trade routes through Ghana are less frequently used 18 due to language difficulties, currency problems, and bad road conditions (UNCTAD 1999). Due to its dependence on these two routes, Burkina Faso is highly vulnerable to the civil conflicts in Côte d’Ivoire and Togo. Between 1990-93, as a result of the crisis in Togo, the volume of Burkina Faso transit through the port of Lomé fell by 60% (UNCTAD 1999). Similarly, the crises in Côte d’Ivoire (previously the outlet for 80% of Burkinabe trade) have significantly restricted transit movement, causing Burkina Faso to attempt to open up a new route to the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana (OECD/AfDB 2002) TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While the two main transit road corridors from Ouagadougou to Abidjan and Ouagadougou to Lomé are in fair condition, the poor condition of road vehicles significantly hinders efficient trade. Most Burkinabe road vehicles are over 10 years old and cannot be fastened or securely sealed to carry international freight. In fact, it is estimated that transporting using Burkinabe trucks costs up to 37.5% more than the same shipment using Ghanian trucks (UNCTAD 99). Vehicle overloading has also been a problem and has led to the increasing deterioration of roads. BASIC INFORMATION HDI Rank: 169 GDP per capita 2000 (PPP$): $976 Exports per capita 2000 (current USD): $21 Distance to port: 1,154km Transport cost ratio (1994): 0.27 Neighbors: Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Togo Primary transit neighbors: Côte d’Ivoire, Togo Main trading partners: Imports: Côte d’Ivoire (25%) France (24%) Exports: Singapore (15%) Italy (14%) Primary Exports (2001): Cotton Seed (57%) Livestock products (19%) Domestic Roads: fair Transit Country Roads: fair Domestic Rails: Transit Country Rails: Transit Country Ports: poor poor good Neighboring Civil Conflict: high Relations w/ Neighbors: fair Cumbersome administrative processes and border crossings present another significant problem for these routes. It is estimated that delays at border crossing for customs procedures can range anywhere from 24-48 hours. Trade routes are also littered with rigorous police checkpoints that cost not only time, but often also money in the form of bribes. Furthermore, customs escorts are required for transport but only depart three times a week resulting in further delays. Vehicles waiting for a convoy to form often sit on the side of the road not 18 Less then 5% of Burkinabe transit passes through Ghana. - 53 -
only hindering normal road traffic but also contributing to road damage. In fact, an ironic consequence of a special anti-competitive provision that reserves two thirds of freight for carriage by vehicles from landlocked countries has resulted in significant additional delays: goods at maritime ports wait for the arrival of vehicles from landlocked countries, despite the presence of vehicles from maritime countries. 19 Although still largely inefficient, Burkina Faso’s domestic transport network has seen significant improvements in recent years, reflecting the government’s prioritization of this sector and donors’ support for the recent US$360m transport sector adjustment programme. This has resulted in an increase in the road network from a single main road to 15,000km of good roads (OECD/AfDB 2002). Rail The Abidjan – Ouagadougou rail corridor is the principal railway serving Burkina Faso. Like much of Africa’s rail infrastructure, it is in poor condition and lacks proper maintenance. The average age of the rolling stock exceeds 25 years. A 1995 UNCTAD study reports that the 2,308 km round-trip between Abidjan and Ouagadougou takes approximately 30 days. 20 The deterioration of the railway is also having adverse effects on the road system since more freight must now be shipped by road. Recent efforts to improve this railway, including a $31m dollar loan from the World Bank, have resulted in sharp increases in carried freight (EIU 2002). Ports/Waterways The primary ports serving Burkina Faso, Abidjan and Lomé, are considered to be two of the best ports in Western Africa. Both are well-equipped, competitive, and in good condition with sufficient storage for processing Burkinabe cargo. Burkina Faso, however, only uses a small fraction of its allotted storage space at these ports. The one problem lobbied in negotiations regarding the port of Abidjan concerns the delays caused by cumbersome customs formalities, which can often take up to 10 days. None of the three rivers passing through Burkina Faso are navigable for commercial ships. POLITICAL RELATIONS While Burkina Faso has witnessed domestic civil unrest, violence, and political instability, such internal tension has not been as explosive as that of surrounding countries. Rather, Burkina Faso’s international trade has been primarily hampered by the surrounding turmoil that has plagued the region for much of the last two decades. Its most serious constraint has been the recent outbreak of civil war in Côte d’Ivoire. The conflict has not only taken the lives of several thousand, but also virtually halted transport within the country. With the north of the country being controlled by the rebels, the primary railroad corridor to the port of Abidjan has been closed. Since the overwhelming majority of Burkinabe trade has traditionally passed through this corridor, this crisis has severe effects on Burkina Faso’s economy. 19 Hence, while assisting trucking companies from landlocked countries, it significantly delays the transit trade of landlocked countries. 20 This is approximately the same distance as Paris - Berlin or Los Angeles - Salt Lake City, roundtrips that take about 30 hours. - 54 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10: First, landlocked countries are dep
Page 11 and 12: together a wide variety of sources,
Page 13 and 14: infrastructure. In these cases the
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
Page 17 and 18: the Central African Republic - Came
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
Page 21 and 22: • The southern African landlocked
Page 23 and 24: PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
Page 25 and 26: Internal transport networks in the
Page 27 and 28: Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
Page 29 and 30: POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
Page 31 and 32: elatively better quality than most
Page 33 and 34: SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
Page 35 and 36: ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
Page 37 and 38: Relations with South Africa have be
Page 39 and 40: Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
Page 41 and 42: TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
Page 43 and 44: UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
Page 45 and 46: POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
Page 47 and 48: section on Uganda. The Central Corr
Page 49 and 50: BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
Page 51 and 52: In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
Page 53 and 54: Recognizing the dramatic effects th
Page 55 and 56: AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
Page 57: of transit. In fact, the landlocked
Page 61 and 62: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
Page 63 and 64: Relations with the eastern neighbor
Page 65 and 66: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88: The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90: TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92: Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94: Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96: MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100: CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
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With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112:
and exports pass through the port p
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Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
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NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
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More recently, India delayed the au
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links to the railways of Argentina,
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developing the nation’s road infr
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PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
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BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
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GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
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United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132:
BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
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EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
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ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
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AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
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EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
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Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
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- 138 -
Page 145 and 146:
Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
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Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
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ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152:
UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154:
EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156:
Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158:
USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160:
CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162:
World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164:
World Audit (2001). World Democracy
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MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168:
WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170:
UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
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Map 1
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Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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