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Средние и длинные дистанции Секция 7 Тактика и стратегия в беге на длинные дистанции EBBETS (“Racing tactics and strategies”, 2008) объясняет, что тактика и стратегия различные вещи. Стратегия требует более длительного времени для подготовки плана предстоящего бега. Тактика эта специфические навыки, которые реализуются в процессе бега. В статье “Methods of teaching racing strategy for distance runners” (<strong>2009</strong>), CHAPMAN рекомендует принципы тренировки, которые должны использовать тренеры в процессе подготовки. LOWES (“Are tactics important for middle and long distance athletes?”, 2007), считает, что при разработке тактики необходимо учитывать такие факторы как состояние спортсмена, готовность соперников, погодные условия, состояние дорожки, важность соревнований. В идеале спортсмен должен бежать расслабленно, контролируя бег и быть готовым к любым изменениям на дорожке. Секция 8 Феномен успеха африканских бегунов Учитывая, что в настоящее время африканские спортсмены доминируют на всех средних и длинных дистанциях LA TORRE, IMPELLIZZERI, DOTTI & ARCELLI (“Do Caucasian athletes need to resign themselves to African domination in middle- and long-distance running?”, 2005), пытаются выяснить факторы, которые обеспечивают им успех. В статье “Genotypes and distance running” (2007) SCOTT & PITSILADIS приводят характеристики генетического превосходства африканцев по сравнению с европейцами. LANTZ (“Reasons the Kenyans dominate long distance running”, 2008) дискутирует с другими авторами и приводит другие факторы, обеспечивающие успех африканцев. LA TORRE сообщает о том, что еще в детском возрасте юные спортсмены преодолевают значительные дистанции по дороге в школу и обратно. Библиография сформирована на основании следующих баз данных: • SPOLIT база данных Федерального Института Спорта, Кельн, Германия (www.bisp.de ограниченный свободный доступ) • SPORTdiscus база данных Спортивного Информационного Центра Оттава, Канада (www.sir.ca cвободный доступ закрыт) Многие документы были выявлены при поиске в интернете и могут быть найдены на соответствующих сайтах. Читателей, интересующихся вопросами библиографии, просим связаться с автором Dr. Jurgen Schiffer, E-mail j.schiffer@ dshs-koln.de 110
Средние и длинные дистанции Библиография 1 Physiological and traumatological aspects of distance running Åkerström, T. C. A.; Pedersen, B. K. Strategies to enhance immune function for marathon runners Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 416-419 Marathoners are at an increased risk of developing upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) following races and periods of hard training, which are associated with temporary changes in the immune system. The majority of the reported changes are decreases in function or concentration of certain immune cells. During this period of immune suppression, by some referred to as an open window’ in immune function, it has been hypothesised that viruses and bacteria might gain a foothold, which would increase the risk of infections. In light of this, nutritional interventions that can enhance immune function and reduce the risk of URTIs have been sought. This paper focuses on the effect of glutamine, vitamin C, bovine colostrum and glucose. Although, some of these supplements can affect the physiological and immune changes associated with marathon racing, none of the supplements discussed have consistently been shown to reduce the risk of URTIs and therefore cannot be recommended for use as enhancers of immune function in marathon runners. Alonso, J. M. Methods to increase the delivery of oxygen New Studies in Athletics, 19, (2004), 1, pp. 33-43 The delivery of oxygen to the muscles is of paramount importance in aerobic exercise and oxygen transport is a limiting factor for endurance sports. People involved in sport have tried different methods to increase oxygen transfer to working muscles and thereby improve performance. Some of these, including altitude training and hypoxic devices, are ethically acceptable. Others, including several with justified and accepted indications in clinical settings, are illegal in the sports environment. In this article, the Chairman of the IAAF Medical and Anti-Doping Commission reviews the various methods for increasing the oxygen content of the blood currently in use or in development. He details their development and appearance in sport, their associated risks and, in the case of prohibited substances and techniques, the means of detection developed by scientists and sports authorities. He concludes by supporting current anti-doping regulations and condemning the use of banned substances in sport. Boullosa, D. A.; Tuimil, J. L.; Leicht, A. S.; Crespo-Salgado, J. J. Parasympathetic modulation and running performance in distance runners The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, (<strong>2009</strong>), 2, pp. 626-631 This study examined the relationships between basal heart rate (BHR) and heart rate recovery (HRR), parasympathetic modulation parameters, with running performance in distance runners. It was hypothesised that greater parasympathetic modulation would be significantly associated with greater running performance. Twelve well-trained endurance runners (23.2 ± 3.3 years; 175.6 ± 5.8 cm; 65.2 ± 6.7 kg) performed the Universit de Montreal Track Test (UMTT) until volitional exhaustion (total final time, TUMTT), with the highest completed stage recorded as the maximal aerobic speed (MAS). More than 48 hours afterwards, participants ran at the MAS until volitional exhaustion, with maximal running time (Tlim) recorded. Maximum heart rate was significantly greater for the UMTT compared with Tlim (p = 0.004). Significant correlations were exhibited between MAS and BHR (r = -0.845, p = 0.001); mean drop in heart rate at the first minute of recovery after the UMTT (r = 0.617, p = 0.033) and Tlim (r = 0.787, p = 0.002); and mean drop in heart rate at the second minute of recovery after the UMTT (r = 0.630, p = 0.028). These results support previous reports that endurance training results in greater running performance and greater parasympathetic modulation before and after exercise. It is suggested that coaches consider HRR and BHR for the monitoring of training for endurance performance. Cheuvront, S. N.; Montain, S. J.; Sawka, M. N. Fluid replacement and performance during the marathon Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 353-357 The primary purpose of this review is to relate a universal strategy for replacing fluids to optimise marathon performance. A secondary purpose is to examine common ‘matters of debate’ that may modify fluid needs to include the importance of realistic convective air flow, metabolic water production and waters of association with glycogen. The metabolic demands of marathon running can result in substantial sweat losses and levels of dehydration consistent with compromised endurance performance. Recommendations are provided to individualise fluid intakes with the goal of preventing excessive dehydration (>2% body mass) as well as weight gain. The minor importance of ‘matters of debate’ to fluid replacement is also discussed. Clarkson, P. M. Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in marathon runners Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 361-363 Strenuous exercise, including marathon running, can result in damage to skeletal muscle cells, a process Стр 112 known as exertional rhabdomyolysis. In most cases, this damage is resolved without consequence. However, 111
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