"Легкоатлетического вестника ИААФ" 4-2009 - Московский ...

Средние и длинные дистанции
when the damage is profound, there is a
release of muscle proteins into the blood; one of
these proteins, myoglobin, in high concentrations
and under certain conditions (such as dehydration
and heat stress) can precipitate in the kidneys, thereby
resulting in acute renal failure. Although the
marathon is a gruelling physiological challenge, with
races sometimes run in hot and humid weather,
acute renal failure is relatively infrequent. From case
reports, a high proportion of marathon runners who
developed acute renal failure had taken analgesics,
had a viral or bacterial infection, or a pre-existing
condition. The rare cases of acute renal failure in
marathon runners may be a situation of the ‘perfect
storm’ where there are several factors (heat stress,
dehydration, latent myopathy, non-steroidal
antiinflammatory
or other drug/analgesic use, and
viral/bacterial infection) that, in some combination,
come together to result in acute renal failure.
Coyle, E. F.
Physiological regulation of marathon performance
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 306-311
Running a marathon at the fastest speed possible
appears to be regulated by the rate of aerobic
metabolism (i.e. marathon oxygen uptake) of a limited
amount of carbohydrate energy (i.e. muscle
glycogen and blood glucose) and the velocity that
can be maintained without developing hyperthermia.
According to a model proposed by Joyner in
1991, people possess the physiological ability to
run a marathon in about 1:58:00. This could be
accomplished if the current world record pace for
the ‘half-marathon’ is maintained for the entire
marathon. The ultimate limit to marathon performance
might be dictated by the limits of running
economy and a recruitment of the running musculature
with a pattern that minimises fatigue, possibly
by spreading the work over many motor neurons.
Davies, C.
A model for heat training – The Davies heat
model
New Studies in Athletics, 16, (2001), 1+2, pp. 71-82
Heat has proven to be a critical factor in many
Olympic Games and World Championships, particularly
in the longer endurance events. Sports scientists
have traditionally viewed heat acclimatisation as
purely a physiological question. The author, however,
argues that studying the physiology is but one third of
the heat equation, and suggests that if athletes adapt
the correct behaviour patterns by moving to the right
place at the right time, they, in effect, do not have to
heat acclimatise. The Davies Heat Model is designed
to help coaches and athletes in this regard. The
Davies Heat Model also introduces the third concept
of heat acclimatisation; namely, climatology, which
also needs to be carefully studied if elite athletes are
to be properly prepared for the heat.
Drawer, S.
Pre-cooling technology for endurance
events
New Studies in Athletics, 23 (2008), 4, pp. 119-120
At a high ambient temperature and humidity, there
is a general consensus that the environment is likely
to have a detrimental effect on performance when
compared to less thermally stressful conditions.
One intervention used to help reduce the impact of
such a scenario is a pre-cooling strategy with the
aim of increasing heat storage capacity and greater
work capacity during the event. Methods of precooling
include cold water immersion, the use of
various cooling/ice jackets, use of evaporation fluids
on the skin, or use of fans. More recently, there have
been some technological breakthroughs in assisting
pre-cooling strategies. The CoreControl (www.avacore.
com) system was developed under the premise
that blood flow naturally increases through skin
regions in the hands to dissipate heat through specialised
blood vessels. CoreControl enhances heat
extraction through these blood vessels by amplifying
local blood flow using a proprietary combination
of controlled temperature settings and a slight vacuum.
It has since been shown to provide a beneficial
effect on exercise endurance at various workloads.
Duffield, R.; Dawson, B.
Energy system contribution in track running
New Studies in Athletics, 18, (2003), 4, pp. 47-56
As a wide range of values have been suggested for
the relative energetics of track running events, this
collection of studies aimed to quantify the respective
aerobic and anaerobic energy system contribution
during actual track running. Subjects performed
(on separate days) a laboratory graded exercise test
and multiple race time trials. The relative energy system
contribution was calculated based upon measures
of race VO2 and accumulated oxygen deficit.
Aerobic-anaerobic energy system contributions for
male track athletes were: 3000 m: 86% – 14%;
1500 m: 77% – 23%; 800 m: 60% – 40%; 400 m:
41% – 59%; 200 m: 28% – 72%; 100 m: 20% –
80%. This data, collected during specific track running
events, compares well with previous estimates
of relative energy system contributions. Additionally,
the relative importance and speed of interaction of
the respective metabolic pathways has implications
to training for these events.
Fredericson, M.; Misra, A. K.
Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon
running injuries
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 437-439
Over the last 10-15 years, there has been a dramatic
increase in popularity of running marathons.
Numerous articles have reported on injuries to runners
of all experience, with yearly incidence rates for
injury reported to be as high as 90% in those training
for marathons. To date, most of these studies
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have been cohort studies and retrospective surveys
with remarkably few prospective studies. However,
from the studies available, it is clear that more
experienced
runners are less prone to injury, with the
number of years running being inversely related to
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