"Легкоатлетического вестника ИААФ" 4-2009 - Московский ...

Средние и длинные дистанции
The article studies how warm-up and pre-cooling
affects endurance performance in conditions of high
ambivalent temperature and relative humidity. Twenty
male subjects went through 20-minute warm-up
and pre-cooling preparation before performing
endurance tests. Findings show that pre-cooling
extends the time of exhaustion and slows the
increase in the body core temperature and heart rate
of the subjects significantly, compared to warm-up.
Verbalis, J. G.
Renal function and vasopressin during
marathon running
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 455-458
Over the past 2 decades, exercise-associated
hyponatraemia (EAH) has emerged as an important
complication of prolonged endurance physical
activities. Data collected since the first reports of
EAH have strongly implicated a dilutional hyponatraemia
from inappropriate retention of body water
as the primary cause of EAH. Although high rates of
fluid consumption clearly contribute to the pathogenesis
of EAH, a review of the available data does
not support the view that EAH can be ascribed
solely to excess drinking. Because the kidney is
exquisitely sensitive to low plasma levels of the
antidiuretic hormone argioine vasopressin (AVP) and
because many non-osmotic stimuli to AVP secretion
normally occur during prolonged endurance
exercise activity, it is more likely that a combination
of higher than normal fluid intakes in the setting of
modest elevations of plasma AVP levels from a variety
of potential stimuli during prolonged physical
activity accounts for the majority of cases of EAH. In
any individual, the degree to which AVP secretion is
stimulated and whether it can be suppressed with
sufficient fluid ingestion, will determine their susceptibility
to EAH as a result of fluid ingestion both
before and after physical activity, accounting for the
high degree of individual variability in the occurrence
of this potentially life-threatening metabolic disorder.
2 Middle and long-distance training
Benson, R.
Individualizing workouts with target heart
rates
Track and Field Coaches Review, 95, (Summer 1995), 2,
pp. 14-15
“Train, don’t strain” has long ago replaced the “No
pain, no gain” motto of workout winners and coaches
who cover their lack of training knowledge by
simply urging their runners to be mentally tough.
Although teammates occasionally need to go headtohead
in practice to decide who gets to run in the
races, it usually makes more sense to save the
competitive energy for races. If workouts are always
as hard as races, athletes won’t have anything left
on race days. Recovering from races can take as
long as several days, so a serious break is needed
after every all-out effort. With the availability of telemetric
heart rate monitors, it is easier than ever to
avoid intersquad competition. It is easy to individualise
workout paces by simply making sure that
each runner is making the proper effort whether or
not their times are different. Measuring how hard,
not just how fast they are running is the answer. The
challenge with effort-based training using heart rate
to measure training effort is two-fold: 1. Determining
target heart rate zones for each of the five training
objectives (recovery, endurance, stamina, running
economy. and speed), 2. determining target heart
rate zones for each runner.
Billat, V.
Current perspectives on performance
improvement in the marathon: From universalisation
to training optimisation
New Studies in Athletics, 20, (2005), 3, pp. 21-39
Since 1984, the world’s best performances in the
men’s and women’s marathon have improved by 2
% and 4 % respectively, prompting questions about
how much faster athletes will be able to run the race
and what sorts of training they will use to achieve
better performances. The author starts with a
description of the phenomena of the marathon and
points out that the universalisation of long-distance
running, including greater participation by women,
has been an important factor in performance
development
as it increases the likelihood that athletes
with ideal physical characteristics will be identified
and brought into the event. Noting that this will
remain true in the future, she then focuses on two
areas that seem to hold the most promise for
coaching marathoners: 1) optimisation of training
through better understanding of the energetic factors
related to performance and 2) optimisation of
training and racing strategies through better knowledge
of the effects of speed variation and physiological
strain. In this extensive review of the literature,
the latest thinking on ultimate performance
predictions, oxygen uptake, utilization of oxygen,
qualitative training, critical velocity, critical power,
pace regulation and psychological coping strategies
is examined and key conclusions are drawn.
Chapman, R.; Levine, B. D.
Altitude training for the marathon
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 392-395
For nearly 40 years, scientists and elite endurance
athletes have been investigating the use of altitude
in an effort to enhance exercise performance. While
the results of many early studies on the use of altitude
training for sea level performance enhancement
have produced equivocal results, newer stud-
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ies using the ‘live high, train low’ altitude training
model have demonstrated significant improvements
in red cell mass, maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen
uptake at ventilatory threshold, and 3000m and
5000m race time. For the marathoner looking to
add altitude training to their peak performance
plans, residence at an altitude of 2000-2500m, a
minimum of 20 hours per day, for 4 weeks, appears
to hold the greatest potential for performance
enhancement. Based on published mathematical
models of marathon performance, a marathoner
with a typical or average running economy who performed
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