"Легкоатлетического вестника ИААФ" 4-2009 - Московский ...

Средние и длинные дистанции
Библиография
1 Physiological and traumatological
aspects of distance running
Åkerström, T. C. A.; Pedersen, B. K.
Strategies to enhance immune function for
marathon runners
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 416-419
Marathoners are at an increased risk of developing
upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) following
races and periods of hard training, which
are associated with temporary changes in the
immune system. The majority of the reported
changes are decreases in function or concentration
of certain immune cells. During this period of
immune suppression, by some referred to as an
open window’ in immune function, it has been
hypothesised that viruses and bacteria might gain
a foothold, which would increase the risk of infections.
In light of this, nutritional interventions that
can enhance immune function and reduce the risk
of URTIs have been sought. This paper focuses
on the effect of glutamine, vitamin C, bovine
colostrum and glucose. Although, some of these
supplements can affect the physiological and
immune changes associated with marathon racing,
none of the supplements discussed have
consistently been shown to reduce the risk of
URTIs and therefore cannot be recommended for
use as enhancers of immune function in marathon
runners.
Alonso, J. M.
Methods to increase the delivery of oxygen
New Studies in Athletics, 19, (2004), 1, pp. 33-43
The delivery of oxygen to the muscles is of paramount
importance in aerobic exercise and oxygen
transport is a limiting factor for endurance
sports. People involved in sport have tried different
methods to increase oxygen transfer to working
muscles and thereby improve performance.
Some of these, including altitude training and
hypoxic devices, are ethically acceptable. Others,
including several with justified and accepted indications
in clinical settings, are illegal in the sports
environment. In this article, the Chairman of the
IAAF Medical and Anti-Doping Commission
reviews the various methods for increasing the
oxygen content of the blood currently in use or in
development. He details their development and
appearance in sport, their associated risks and,
in the case of prohibited substances and techniques,
the means of detection developed by scientists
and sports authorities. He concludes by
supporting current anti-doping regulations and
condemning the use of banned substances in
sport.
Boullosa, D. A.; Tuimil, J. L.; Leicht, A. S.;
Crespo-Salgado, J. J.
Parasympathetic modulation and running
performance in distance runners
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23,
(2009),
2, pp. 626-631
This study examined the relationships between basal
heart rate (BHR) and heart rate recovery (HRR),
parasympathetic modulation parameters, with running
performance in distance runners. It was hypothesised
that greater parasympathetic modulation
would be significantly associated with greater running
performance. Twelve well-trained endurance
runners (23.2 ± 3.3 years; 175.6 ± 5.8 cm; 65.2 ±
6.7 kg) performed the Universit de Montreal Track
Test (UMTT) until volitional exhaustion (total final
time, TUMTT), with the highest completed stage
recorded as the maximal aerobic speed (MAS). More
than 48 hours afterwards, participants ran at the
MAS until volitional exhaustion, with maximal running
time (Tlim) recorded. Maximum heart rate was
significantly
greater for the UMTT compared with Tlim (p
= 0.004). Significant correlations were exhibited
between MAS and BHR (r = -0.845, p = 0.001);
mean drop in heart rate at the first minute of recovery
after the UMTT (r = 0.617, p = 0.033) and Tlim (r
= 0.787, p = 0.002); and mean drop in heart rate at
the second minute of recovery after the UMTT (r =
0.630, p = 0.028). These results support previous
reports that endurance training results in greater running
performance and greater parasympathetic
modulation before and after exercise. It is suggested
that coaches consider HRR and BHR for the monitoring
of training for endurance performance.
Cheuvront, S. N.; Montain, S. J.; Sawka, M. N.
Fluid replacement and performance during
the marathon
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 353-357
The primary purpose of this review is to relate a universal
strategy for replacing fluids to optimise
marathon performance. A secondary purpose is to
examine common ‘matters of debate’ that may
modify fluid needs to include the importance of realistic
convective air flow, metabolic water production
and waters of association with glycogen. The metabolic
demands of marathon running can result in
substantial sweat losses and levels of dehydration
consistent with compromised endurance performance.
Recommendations are provided to individualise
fluid intakes with the goal of preventing excessive
dehydration (>2% body mass) as well as weight
gain. The minor importance of ‘matters of debate’
to fluid replacement is also discussed.
Clarkson, P. M.
Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal
failure in marathon runners
Sports Medicine, 37, (2007), 4/5, pp. 361-363
Strenuous exercise, including marathon running, can
result in damage to skeletal muscle cells, a process
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known as exertional rhabdomyolysis. In most cases,
this damage is resolved without consequence. However,
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