Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Drought Monitoring in AEMET At present, a monitoring program to watch and evaluate drought is being operationally carried out at AEMET on a national level. SPI maps (Mckee et al. 1993) for Spain are produced monthly (Mestre and Moreno 2008). The program to calculate SPI uses climatic data from the National Climatic Data Base, as well as daily rainfall data obtained in quasi-real time from the synoptical stations network. The resulting products are SPI tables and graphics representing sites and basins over several accumulation periods ranging from one month to one year, with the aim of evaluating drought at different time scales. The drought module has been developed as an independent module in the framework of the National Water Balance. Climate data as well as daily precipitation data entering in quasi-real time are its input data. The operational application allows the monthly generation of a set of graphics and tabulated products related to the SPI for periods ranging from 1 month to 3 years. Input data for this application are local data from AEMET’s synoptic stations plus precipitation volumes calculated for the main hydrographic basins. Monthly series of precipitation for a total of 90 synoptic stations and monthly series of mean areal precipitation for the 12 geographical areas defined by the broader Spanish water basins are used as basic information for the system. For the stations, the data are obtained from the National Climate Database, and the gaps have been filled by interpolation in the corresponding monthly grid. For each water basin, data are obtained from the precipitation volume series that started in 1947. Recent data come from the AEMET National Water Balance. Precipitation volumes are estimated by integrating precipitation data into the 0.16º grid. Subsequently, these provisional volumes are replaced by more precise estimations once precipitation data from the whole set of AEMET’s climatological stations are available in the National Climate Database (usually with a delay of 1-2 months). From monthly precipitation series, the accumulated values for periods ranging from 1 month to 36 months are assessed. Data for every month, station, or water basin are fitted to a gamma distribution to get the corresponding series of SPI values. On the AEMET web page (internal page), the SPI values appear separately for every station and water basin. For accumulation times of 1, 3, and 6 months (representative of a short temporal scale) and 1, 2, and 3 years (representative of a long temporal scale), there are graphical presentations. The output of this monitoring system is available at the beginning of every month on the AEMET intranet web page as a set of products, including SPI maps for different accumulation periods, calculated from station data (Figure 6) and from averaged precipitation estimated over whole river basins (Figure 7). Time series with recent index values for stations and basins are also available, thus allowing a monitoring of recent values of SPI for different time scales (Figures 8 and 9). Application of the Meteorological Drought Monitoring and Analysis System to Two Outstanding Drought Episodes of the Last 20 Years In all regions of Spain, there is a high recurrence of drought events, which in some cases have greatly affected the activity of various productive sectors and caused important economic losses and severe environmental damage. The longest drought spell of the last 75 years was from 1991 to 1995, and it affected the southern half of Spain. The drought monitoring system of AEMET has been applied to analyze the characteristics of this drought event as well as the impacts and response measures. 99
Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a period of six months, using local data from 90 stations (AEMET’s network). Figure 7. Example of SPI map for a period of six months, representing river basin values calculated from estimated precipitation volumes. 100
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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Preface With the world population p
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Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
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Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
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Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
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Drought Indicator Expression After
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Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
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Even with this drought action plan
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that complicates water management b
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Understanding the nature of the haz
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Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
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Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
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Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
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c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
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an unusually large moisture demand.
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the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
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and temporal variations in drought
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Support to Regional Institutions WM
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Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
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The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
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Meteorological research at these in
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United States is sent to the Secret
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Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
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PDSI as an operational index since
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WAOB, GIS has become an important t
Page 55 and 56: USDM as the official criteria for F
Page 57 and 58: Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
Page 59 and 60: areas recording large incidences of
Page 61 and 62: The analysis revealed that out of 1
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
Page 65 and 66: Figure 5. Progression of surface we
Page 67 and 68: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 69 and 70: Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
Page 71 and 72: Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
Page 73 and 74: Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
Page 75 and 76: Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
Page 77 and 78: hydrological characteristics, and c
Page 79 and 80: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 81 and 82: application of drought indices has
Page 83 and 84: The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
Page 85 and 86: To assist, many agriculturally-spec
Page 87 and 88: change in Australia. The PDSI provi
Page 89 and 90: Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
Page 91 and 92: supply and demand are fully taken i
Page 93 and 94: In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
Page 95 and 96: creation of a system of European su
Page 97 and 98: The second index is extracted from
Page 99 and 100: Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
Page 101 and 102: References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
Page 103 and 104: Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
Page 105: The incoming rainwater and the atmo
Page 109 and 110: The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
Page 111 and 112: adverse climatic impacts on agricul
Page 113 and 114: Agricultural Drought Indices in the
Page 115 and 116: efers to deficiencies in surface an
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
Page 119 and 120: Limitations of Agricultural Drought
Page 121 and 122: Incorporating a Composite Approach
Page 123 and 124: Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
Page 125 and 126: The North American Drought Monitor:
Page 127 and 128: process (a) emulates natural cycles
Page 129 and 130: Summary Given the complexity that d
Page 131 and 132: alance models cannot be applied for
Page 133 and 134: 60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
Page 135 and 136: In Figure 4, examples of the normal
Page 137 and 138: Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
Page 139 and 140: The soil water balance module in th
Page 141 and 142: Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions The topics discussed pr
Page 145 and 146: Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
Page 147 and 148: The parameters used in crop simulat
Page 149 and 150: a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
Page 151 and 152: ackground. The system’s most impo
Page 153 and 154: management. In research, however, p
Page 155 and 156: Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
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Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
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Figure 2 represents the regression
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Conclusions and Discussion Several
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Experiences During the Drought Peri
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During the years 2007 and 2008, for
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Figure 6. Management simulation mod
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Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
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References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
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Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
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Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
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References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
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Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
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Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
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Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
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Heim (2002) notes that as recently
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each calendar day in the base perio
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The purpose of the climatic charact
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to compare moisture conditions at d
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Table 6. Overview of different drou
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have been adopted because of the av
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TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
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Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
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8) There is a universal interest in
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Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
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