Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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• Bulletin of China Drought Monitoring, which targets governmental agencies and is published at varying intervals; • A drought monitoring and impact assessment briefing, broadcast on CCTV every Wednesday since 2004; • Daily drought monitoring maps, which have been available on the BCC homepage since February 2003 (http://www.bcc.cma.gov.cn/en). South Africa In response to recurring drought in the country, the South African Weather Service (SAWS) established a drought monitoring desk where information regarding observed rainfall and longrange forecasts could be presented in one place for easy access. It also allows people to compare the current year’s rainfall with amounts from previous dry periods to assist them in their decision and planning practices. On 23 November 2005, the Department of Agriculture issued a report indicating that eight of South Africa’s nine provinces were being severely affected by drought. The severity of the situation was clearly reflected in the different timescales of the SPI maps on the SAWS Drought Monitoring Page (http://www.weathersa.co.za/DroughtMonitor/ DMDesk.jsp), updated at the beginning of December 2005 (Figure 1). A very dry winter and the lack of good spring rains exacerbated the dry conditions in some areas. Figure 1. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for South Africa, November 2005 (top left); September to November 2005 (top right); June to November 2005 (bottom). Source: South African Weather Service. Portugal The Institute of Meteorology of Portugal uses the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to characterize drought in Portugal by adapting and calibrating the PDSI to the specific climatic conditions of mainland Portugal. Evolving drought patterns are presented in monthly PDSI maps that show the spatial distribution of drought in Portugal. These maps are used to monitor spatial 29
and temporal variations in drought across mainland Portugal, which is helpful in delineating potential disaster areas for agriculture and other sectors, allowing for improved on-farm decisions to reduce impacts. The spatial distribution of the PDSI index during 2004/2005 is represented in Figure 2. The maps reveal a deterioration of drought conditions during the winter months, with some attenuation in March because of the occurrence of precipitation in the country’s northern and inner regions. During June, July, and August, the drought situation worsened. The impacts of the drought on agriculture, energy, and urban water supply were significant. Capacity-Building Activities WMO has also been placing considerable importance on organizing capacity-building activities in the area of drought preparedness and management, especially in the developing countries. Following is a list of activities carried out since 1990. (a) (b) (c) Regional Workshop on the Impact of Agrometeorological Applications on Agriculture, Forestry and Related Sectors in ECOWAS Member States, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire, 14-19 February 1994. International Conference/Workshop on Agrometeorological Research and Applications in South and Central America, La Paz, Bolivia, 23-27 May 1994. Two Workshops/Training Seminars on Drought Preparedness and Management: the first organized jointly with the United Nations Office to Combat Desertification and Drought (UNDP/UNSO), for the member countries of the Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS) in Banjul, the Gambia, 4 to 9 September 1995; and the second for the northern African countries, Casablanca, Morocco, 24 to 28 June 1996. (d) Workshop on Drought and Desertification, in Bet Dagan Israel, 26 to 30 May 1997. (e) Three Roving Seminars on Agrometeorology Related to Extreme Events: in Pune, India, 28 April to 10 May 1997; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9 to 21 April 1998; and San José, Costa Rica, 24 August to 4 September 1998. (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) UNDP/UNSO/WMO International Workshop on Coping with Drought in sub-Saharan Africa: Best Use of Climate Information, Zimbabwe, 4-6 October 1999. Expert Group Meeting on Early Warning Systems for Drought Preparedness and Drought Management, Portugal, 5-7 September 2000. Roving Seminars on the Application of Climatic Data for Drought Preparedness and Management of Sustainable Agriculture in a number of affected countries in Ghana, 1-12 November 1999; China, 15-24 May 2001; and Antigua and Barbuda, 21-30 April 2004. Training workshops for improving the capacity for national climate data management and developing drought preparedness and management strategies in Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, and Swaziland . Workshops for CLIPS Focal Points and of Regional Climate Outlook Forums, which have led to trained and skilled expertise in seasonal forecasts of climatic conditions. 30
Page 1 and 2: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
Page 3 and 4: © World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 5 and 6: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
Page 7 and 8: Preface With the world population p
Page 9 and 10: Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
Page 11 and 12: Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
Page 15 and 16: Drought Indicator Expression After
Page 17 and 18: Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
Page 19 and 20: Even with this drought action plan
Page 21 and 22: that complicates water management b
Page 23 and 24: Understanding the nature of the haz
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
Page 27 and 28: Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
Page 29 and 30: Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
Page 31 and 32: c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
Page 33 and 34: an unusually large moisture demand.
Page 35: the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
Page 39 and 40: Support to Regional Institutions WM
Page 41 and 42: Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
Page 43 and 44: The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
Page 45 and 46: Meteorological research at these in
Page 47 and 48: United States is sent to the Secret
Page 49 and 50: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
Page 51 and 52: PDSI as an operational index since
Page 53 and 54: WAOB, GIS has become an important t
Page 55 and 56: USDM as the official criteria for F
Page 57 and 58: Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
Page 59 and 60: areas recording large incidences of
Page 61 and 62: The analysis revealed that out of 1
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
Page 65 and 66: Figure 5. Progression of surface we
Page 67 and 68: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 69 and 70: Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
Page 71 and 72: Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
Page 73 and 74: Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
Page 75 and 76: Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
Page 77 and 78: hydrological characteristics, and c
Page 79 and 80: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 81 and 82: application of drought indices has
Page 83 and 84: The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
Page 85 and 86: To assist, many agriculturally-spec
Page 87 and 88:
change in Australia. The PDSI provi
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Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
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supply and demand are fully taken i
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In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
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creation of a system of European su
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The second index is extracted from
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Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
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References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
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Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
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The incoming rainwater and the atmo
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Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
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The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
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adverse climatic impacts on agricul
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Agricultural Drought Indices in the
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efers to deficiencies in surface an
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Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
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Limitations of Agricultural Drought
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Incorporating a Composite Approach
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Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
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The North American Drought Monitor:
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process (a) emulates natural cycles
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Summary Given the complexity that d
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alance models cannot be applied for
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60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
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In Figure 4, examples of the normal
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Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
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The soil water balance module in th
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Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
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Conclusions The topics discussed pr
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Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
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The parameters used in crop simulat
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a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
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ackground. The system’s most impo
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management. In research, however, p
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Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
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Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
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Figure 2 represents the regression
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Conclusions and Discussion Several
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Experiences During the Drought Peri
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During the years 2007 and 2008, for
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Figure 6. Management simulation mod
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Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
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References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
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Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
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Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
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References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
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Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
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Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
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Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
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Heim (2002) notes that as recently
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each calendar day in the base perio
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The purpose of the climatic charact
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to compare moisture conditions at d
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Table 6. Overview of different drou
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have been adopted because of the av
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TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
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Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
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8) There is a universal interest in
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Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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