Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Figure 8. Example of SPI calculations for several time scales, using data from Segovia’s meteorological station. Figure 9. Example of SPI calculations for several time scales in the Guadiana basin. Figure 10. Map with SPI values for every river basin, estimated September 30th, 1995, and for a 36- month time scale. 101
The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-lasting and severe drought episode took place between the years 1991 and 1995, especially affecting the central and southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. To take into account its duration, SPI values for 36-month periods have been used as a reference for its analysis. Figure 10 shows the SPI values for each one of the main river basins estimated for September 1995, the end of the long drought period. In the river basin located in the southern half of the Peninsula, as well as in the Ebros basin, SPI values were under -1.3, reaching -2 (extreme drought) in the basins of Guadiana, Guadalquivir, and Sur. The main characteristic of this drought was its long-lasting period. It had an extreme intensity and it extended over large areas in the central and southern part of the country, especially affecting its southwestern zone. Neither the peninsular northern part, where the period was wetter than average, nor the Catalonian basins, where it was near average, were affected. From the analysis of the SPI series (60 years of data) calculated for 3-year periods, it appears that SPI values reached their minimum values over the Guadiana and Guadalquivir basins at the end of summer 1995 (Figure 11 shows the Guadalquivir basin series). Also during this drought episode, in January 1993, the absolute minimum was reached in the Tajo basin series. There were SPI minimum values in other basins as well: Duero, Sur, Segura, Ebro, and Júcar. In the case of the northern and northwestern basins, minimum SPI values (-2.2) were reached in the summer of 1991, as a result of a drought episode that occurred in that zone at the end of the 1980s. Normal values were progressively recovered in that zone in the first half of the 1990s. Considering average precipitation for all of peninsular Spain (Figure 12), it can be seen that the 1990s drought episode was the most persistent of the series. The SPI values for 3-year periods and all of peninsular Spain did not reach the intensity of the 1981-83 drought event. The 1991-95 event affected the peninsula’s southern half, while that of 1981-83 extended over the whole zone, even the northern part. Series of SPI 36 over the Guadalquivir Basin 4 3 2 SPI 1 0 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 -1 -2 -3 Year Figure 11. SPI series for a time scale of 36 months in the Guadalquivir basin. The marked minimum at the end of the 1991-95 drought event can be seen. 102
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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Preface With the world population p
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Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
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Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
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Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
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Drought Indicator Expression After
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Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
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Even with this drought action plan
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that complicates water management b
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Understanding the nature of the haz
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Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
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Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
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Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
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c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
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an unusually large moisture demand.
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the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
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and temporal variations in drought
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Support to Regional Institutions WM
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Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
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The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
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Meteorological research at these in
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United States is sent to the Secret
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Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
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PDSI as an operational index since
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WAOB, GIS has become an important t
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USDM as the official criteria for F
Page 57 and 58: Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
Page 59 and 60: areas recording large incidences of
Page 61 and 62: The analysis revealed that out of 1
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
Page 65 and 66: Figure 5. Progression of surface we
Page 67 and 68: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 69 and 70: Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
Page 71 and 72: Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
Page 73 and 74: Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
Page 75 and 76: Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
Page 77 and 78: hydrological characteristics, and c
Page 79 and 80: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 81 and 82: application of drought indices has
Page 83 and 84: The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
Page 85 and 86: To assist, many agriculturally-spec
Page 87 and 88: change in Australia. The PDSI provi
Page 89 and 90: Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
Page 91 and 92: supply and demand are fully taken i
Page 93 and 94: In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
Page 95 and 96: creation of a system of European su
Page 97 and 98: The second index is extracted from
Page 99 and 100: Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
Page 101 and 102: References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
Page 103 and 104: Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
Page 105 and 106: The incoming rainwater and the atmo
Page 107: Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
Page 111 and 112: adverse climatic impacts on agricul
Page 113 and 114: Agricultural Drought Indices in the
Page 115 and 116: efers to deficiencies in surface an
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
Page 119 and 120: Limitations of Agricultural Drought
Page 121 and 122: Incorporating a Composite Approach
Page 123 and 124: Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
Page 125 and 126: The North American Drought Monitor:
Page 127 and 128: process (a) emulates natural cycles
Page 129 and 130: Summary Given the complexity that d
Page 131 and 132: alance models cannot be applied for
Page 133 and 134: 60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
Page 135 and 136: In Figure 4, examples of the normal
Page 137 and 138: Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
Page 139 and 140: The soil water balance module in th
Page 141 and 142: Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions The topics discussed pr
Page 145 and 146: Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
Page 147 and 148: The parameters used in crop simulat
Page 149 and 150: a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
Page 151 and 152: ackground. The system’s most impo
Page 153 and 154: management. In research, however, p
Page 155 and 156: Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
Page 157 and 158: Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
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Figure 2 represents the regression
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Conclusions and Discussion Several
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Experiences During the Drought Peri
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During the years 2007 and 2008, for
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Figure 6. Management simulation mod
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Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
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References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
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Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
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Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
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References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
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Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
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Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
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Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
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Heim (2002) notes that as recently
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each calendar day in the base perio
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The purpose of the climatic charact
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to compare moisture conditions at d
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Table 6. Overview of different drou
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have been adopted because of the av
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TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
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Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
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8) There is a universal interest in
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Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
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Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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