Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Agricultural Drought Indices: Integration of Crop, Climate, and Soil Issues 113
Incorporating a Composite Approach to Monitoring Drought in the United States Mark Svoboda National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Abstract Drought is a recurring phenomenon without a universal definition. Because the timing, intensity, duration, and area affected vary with each drought event, we need methods of detecting drought that are flexible enough to take these differences into account. By combining traditional approaches to drought monitoring and assessment, which usually involve a single index or indicator, with new technology and integrated approaches, researchers have been able to improve drought monitoring and early warning system capacities. This chapter further explores the evolution of drought monitoring tools and methods. Introduction It is obvious why there is not, and should not be, just one definition (Wilhite et al. 1985) of drought for the entire world, yet many think that there can or should be just one drought index or indicator that addresses all types of drought. The timing, intensity, and duration of drought and the area affected are different each time and thus we need a uniquely flexible way of detecting and depicting drought through a diligent drought early warning system (DEWS). We do not have the luxury of seeing a drought approaching via satellite or radar, and forecasts are still very limited in their skill horizon, so it behooves us all to establish and utilize an early warning system that can watch and wait for drought to emerge. Drought indices and indicators have been around for nearly a century. However, we have only recently begun to use new technology and integrated approaches for drought monitoring. These new tools and approaches combined have helped us advance our drought monitoring and early warning system capacities around the world. Some of these methods and tools are described below. An Integrated Composite Approach Traditional approaches to assessing and monitoring drought have usually employed a single index or indicator. In the United States, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (Palmer 1965) (Figure 1) was just such an index. It proved to be the dominant index used, and very little else in the way of drought indices (except for Palmer derivatives such as the CMI, Palmer-Z, and PHDI) emerged until the 1990s, when the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) (McKee et al. 1993, 1995) came on the scene. Figure 1. The Palmer Drought Severity Index by climate division. 114
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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Preface With the world population p
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Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
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Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
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Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
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Drought Indicator Expression After
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Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
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Even with this drought action plan
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that complicates water management b
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Understanding the nature of the haz
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Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
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Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
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Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
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c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
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an unusually large moisture demand.
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the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
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and temporal variations in drought
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Support to Regional Institutions WM
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Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
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The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
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Meteorological research at these in
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United States is sent to the Secret
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Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
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PDSI as an operational index since
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WAOB, GIS has become an important t
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USDM as the official criteria for F
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Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
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areas recording large incidences of
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The analysis revealed that out of 1
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Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
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Figure 5. Progression of surface we
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 69 and 70: Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
Page 71 and 72: Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
Page 73 and 74: Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
Page 75 and 76: Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
Page 77 and 78: hydrological characteristics, and c
Page 79 and 80: Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
Page 81 and 82: application of drought indices has
Page 83 and 84: The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
Page 85 and 86: To assist, many agriculturally-spec
Page 87 and 88: change in Australia. The PDSI provi
Page 89 and 90: Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
Page 91 and 92: supply and demand are fully taken i
Page 93 and 94: In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
Page 95 and 96: creation of a system of European su
Page 97 and 98: The second index is extracted from
Page 99 and 100: Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
Page 101 and 102: References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
Page 103 and 104: Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
Page 105 and 106: The incoming rainwater and the atmo
Page 107 and 108: Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
Page 109 and 110: The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
Page 111 and 112: adverse climatic impacts on agricul
Page 113 and 114: Agricultural Drought Indices in the
Page 115 and 116: efers to deficiencies in surface an
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
Page 119: Limitations of Agricultural Drought
Page 123 and 124: Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
Page 125 and 126: The North American Drought Monitor:
Page 127 and 128: process (a) emulates natural cycles
Page 129 and 130: Summary Given the complexity that d
Page 131 and 132: alance models cannot be applied for
Page 133 and 134: 60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
Page 135 and 136: In Figure 4, examples of the normal
Page 137 and 138: Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
Page 139 and 140: The soil water balance module in th
Page 141 and 142: Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions The topics discussed pr
Page 145 and 146: Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
Page 147 and 148: The parameters used in crop simulat
Page 149 and 150: a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
Page 151 and 152: ackground. The system’s most impo
Page 153 and 154: management. In research, however, p
Page 155 and 156: Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
Page 157 and 158: Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2 represents the regression
Page 161 and 162: Conclusions and Discussion Several
Page 163 and 164: Experiences During the Drought Peri
Page 165 and 166: During the years 2007 and 2008, for
Page 167 and 168: Figure 6. Management simulation mod
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
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References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
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Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
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Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
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References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
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Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
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Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
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Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
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Heim (2002) notes that as recently
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each calendar day in the base perio
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The purpose of the climatic charact
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to compare moisture conditions at d
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Table 6. Overview of different drou
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have been adopted because of the av
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TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
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Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
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8) There is a universal interest in
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Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
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