Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Figure 2. The December 2010 North American Drought Monitor. Recommendations on Agricultural Drought Indices 1) Given the enhanced availability and access to data, tools, and guidance materials, the meeting recommends that countries around the world move beyond the use of just rainfall data in the computation of indices for the description of agricultural droughts and their impacts. 2) This issue becomes very relevant, especially in the context of climate change, water scarcity, and food security, and hence it is important to use more comprehensive data on rainfall, temperature, and soils in computing drought indices. Hence, greater cooperation is required between different ministries and agencies responsible for addressing drought issues at the sub-national, national, and regional levels. 3) Recognizing that diverse data and information are required for the use of a composite approach (such as the U.S. Drought Monitor), the meeting recommends that all countries examine this option. 4) Given the urgency to address drought monitoring and early warning in a comprehensive manner, there is a need to increase the efficiency in maintaining and enhancing weather data collection networks. 5) There is a strong need for better soils information and establishment of soil moisture monitoring networks where they do not currently exist. 6) Closer cooperation in data sharing and applications between meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and remote sensing agencies and institutions is required for improved drought monitoring and impact assessment. 7) The systematic collection and archiving of drought impacts on agriculture is imperative, and more efforts should be made in this area. 193
8) There is a universal interest in understanding and reducing drought risk and impacts on agriculture. In this context, the effective communication of drought information to policy makers, managers, the user community, and the media is essential. 9) Deliverables such as maps, reports, and press advisories need to be produced at regular intervals and disseminated in a timely manner. 10) Realizing the need for easy exchange of data coming from different sources and institutions, enhanced access to a wide range of weather and soils data for drought monitoring is recommended. 11) Taking into account the increasing importance of applications of GIS, there is a need to explore existing capabilities of such systems and enhance the interoperability between different data platforms, particularly at the regional level. 12) In order to encourage the use of common agricultural drought indices around the world, there is an urgent need to develop common frameworks for drought monitoring/early warning systems. 13) In order to achieve this goal, an inventory of operational capabilities in the areas of data networks, deliverables, and indices used/calculated and disseminated, along with an assessment of user needs, should be prepared. 14) To this end, the meeting recommends that the WMO conduct a survey to compile and assess the capacities and future needs of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services around the world in building such common frameworks for national agricultural drought early warning systems. References Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, No. 56. FAO, Rome, Italy. Asrar, G., R.B. Myneni, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1989. Estimation of plan canopy attributes from spectral reflectance measurements. Pages 252-296 in Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing (G. Asrar, ed.).Wiley, New York. Appa Rao, G., V.P. Abhyankar, and A.V. Mahajan. 1981 . Analysis of 1979 kharif agricultural drought over India. India Met. Dep. Sci. Rep. No. 81/2. Baret, F. and G. Guyot, 1991. Potentials and limits to vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessments. Remote Sensing of Environment 35:161-173. Brown, J.F., B.D. Wardlow, T. Tadesse, M.J. Hayes, and B.C. Reed. 2008. The Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI): An integrated approach for monitoring drought stress in vegetation. GIScience and Remote Sensing 45(1):16-46. Byun, H-R. and D.A Wilhite. 1999. Objective quantification of drought severity and duration. Journal of Climate 12:2747-2756. CCSP. 2008. Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate. Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (T.R. Karl, G.A. Meehl, C.D. Miller, S.J. Hassol, A.M. Waple, and W.L. Murray, eds.). Department of Commerce, NOAA National Climatic Data Center, Washington, D.C. Available from http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap3-3/final-report/sap3-3-final-all.pdf. Donnelly, J.R., M. Freer, and A.D. Moore. 1998. Using the GrassGro decision support tool to evaluate some objective criteria for the definition of exceptional drought. Agricultural Systems 57:301-313. Edwards, D.C. and T.B. McKee. 1997. Characteristics of twentieth century drought in the United States at multiple time scales. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Climatology Report Number 97–2, Fort Collins, Colorado. Foley, J.C. 1957. Drought in Australia. Bureau of Meteorology, Bulletin No. 43, Melbourne. Gao, X., A.R. Huete, W. Ni, and T. Miura. 2000. Optical-biophysical relationships of vegetation spectra without background contamination. Remote Sensing of Environment 74:609-620. George, C.J. and W.S. Ramasastry. 1975. Agricultural drought of 1972 kharif season. Indian Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology and Geophysics 26:89-96. 194
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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Preface With the world population p
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Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
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Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
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Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
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Drought Indicator Expression After
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Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
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Even with this drought action plan
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that complicates water management b
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Understanding the nature of the haz
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Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
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Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
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Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
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c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
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an unusually large moisture demand.
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the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
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and temporal variations in drought
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Support to Regional Institutions WM
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Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
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The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
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Meteorological research at these in
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United States is sent to the Secret
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Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
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PDSI as an operational index since
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WAOB, GIS has become an important t
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USDM as the official criteria for F
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Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
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areas recording large incidences of
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The analysis revealed that out of 1
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Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
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Figure 5. Progression of surface we
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
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Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
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Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
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Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
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hydrological characteristics, and c
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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application of drought indices has
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The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
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To assist, many agriculturally-spec
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change in Australia. The PDSI provi
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Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
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supply and demand are fully taken i
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In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
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creation of a system of European su
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The second index is extracted from
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Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
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References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
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Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
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The incoming rainwater and the atmo
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Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
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The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
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adverse climatic impacts on agricul
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Agricultural Drought Indices in the
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efers to deficiencies in surface an
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Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
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Limitations of Agricultural Drought
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Incorporating a Composite Approach
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Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
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The North American Drought Monitor:
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process (a) emulates natural cycles
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Summary Given the complexity that d
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alance models cannot be applied for
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60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
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In Figure 4, examples of the normal
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Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
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The soil water balance module in th
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Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
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Conclusions The topics discussed pr
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Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
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The parameters used in crop simulat
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Page 157 and 158: Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2 represents the regression
Page 161 and 162: Conclusions and Discussion Several
Page 163 and 164: Experiences During the Drought Peri
Page 165 and 166: During the years 2007 and 2008, for
Page 167 and 168: Figure 6. Management simulation mod
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
Page 171 and 172: References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
Page 173 and 174: Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
Page 175 and 176: Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
Page 177 and 178: References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
Page 179 and 180: Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
Page 183 and 184: Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
Page 185 and 186: Heim (2002) notes that as recently
Page 187 and 188: each calendar day in the base perio
Page 189 and 190: The purpose of the climatic charact
Page 191 and 192: to compare moisture conditions at d
Page 193 and 194: Table 6. Overview of different drou
Page 195 and 196: have been adopted because of the av
Page 197 and 198: TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
Page 199: Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
Page 203 and 204: Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
Page 205: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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