Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Figure 4. Segura River Basin groundwater bodies. Ratio k=abstraction/recharge. Source: GRBD 2007. Water Demands Table 4 summarizes the water demands of the basin. Agricultural water demand from irrigated areas must be highlighted because it accounted for 85% of the total water demand in 2007. Agriculture is important in the Segura River Basin not only because of its very high profitability (with an average value production of 1.93 €/m³ and a net margin of 0.72 €/m³), but also because of its role in the sustainability of rural areas and the environment. Table 4. Segura River Basin resources. Demand/Time Horizon 2007 2015 2027 Urban supply and industrial demand 263.2 318.9 360 Irrigation 1662 1549 1549 Environmental demand 30 30 30 Total (hm 3 ) 1955.2 1897.9 1939 Water Balance Despite efforts to increase water resources and to reduce demands by measures like investing in irrigation modernization or providing non-conventional water resources, there is still a deficit in the water balance (Figure 5). Against this background, recurrent and severe droughts that occur in the basin have become a major issue and have led to important developments in drought management aimed at reducing impacts. 5
Figure 5. Segura River Basin water balance. Expected by 2015. Drought Management in the Basin—Indicators Legal Background Water policy in Europe has been established by the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000). It sets the water management unit as the “River Basin District” (the area of land and sea made up of one or more neighboring river basins together with their associated groundwater and coastal waters), and it also directs all member states to develop water management plans. But only a few guidelines are given about drought management. The WFD has been adapted to Spanish regulations by the Refunded Water Law RDL 1/2001 (RWL 2001). Spain has developed more regulations for drought management since it is an important problem in the country. The National Hydrological Plan Law (NHPL 2001), released in 2001, established the obligation to develop drought action plans at the River Basin District level. The Segura River Basin Drought Action Plan (SRBDAP 2007) and other basins’ plans were endorsed in 2007. Spanish Drought Action Plans The plans have the following characteristics: o They define the onset/appearance of drought. o They describe the measures to be taken, depending on the severity of the drought. They also define when those measures have to be applied. o They establish the severity of a drought, using indicators. o They identify the parties responsible for carrying out the measures. 6
Page 1 and 2: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
Page 3 and 4: © World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 5 and 6: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
Page 7 and 8: Preface With the world population p
Page 9 and 10: Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
Page 11: Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
Page 15 and 16: Drought Indicator Expression After
Page 17 and 18: Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
Page 19 and 20: Even with this drought action plan
Page 21 and 22: that complicates water management b
Page 23 and 24: Understanding the nature of the haz
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
Page 27 and 28: Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
Page 29 and 30: Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
Page 31 and 32: c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
Page 33 and 34: an unusually large moisture demand.
Page 35 and 36: the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
Page 37 and 38: and temporal variations in drought
Page 39 and 40: Support to Regional Institutions WM
Page 41 and 42: Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
Page 43 and 44: The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
Page 45 and 46: Meteorological research at these in
Page 47 and 48: United States is sent to the Secret
Page 49 and 50: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
Page 51 and 52: PDSI as an operational index since
Page 53 and 54: WAOB, GIS has become an important t
Page 55 and 56: USDM as the official criteria for F
Page 57 and 58: Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
Page 59 and 60: areas recording large incidences of
Page 61 and 62: The analysis revealed that out of 1
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Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
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Figure 5. Progression of surface we
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
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Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
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Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
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Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
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hydrological characteristics, and c
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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application of drought indices has
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The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
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To assist, many agriculturally-spec
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change in Australia. The PDSI provi
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Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
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supply and demand are fully taken i
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In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
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creation of a system of European su
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The second index is extracted from
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Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
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References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
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Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
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The incoming rainwater and the atmo
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Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
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The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
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adverse climatic impacts on agricul
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Agricultural Drought Indices in the
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efers to deficiencies in surface an
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Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
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Limitations of Agricultural Drought
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Incorporating a Composite Approach
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Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
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The North American Drought Monitor:
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process (a) emulates natural cycles
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Summary Given the complexity that d
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alance models cannot be applied for
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60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
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In Figure 4, examples of the normal
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Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
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The soil water balance module in th
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Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
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Conclusions The topics discussed pr
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Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
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The parameters used in crop simulat
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a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
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ackground. The system’s most impo
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management. In research, however, p
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Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
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Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
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Figure 2 represents the regression
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Conclusions and Discussion Several
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Experiences During the Drought Peri
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During the years 2007 and 2008, for
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Figure 6. Management simulation mod
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Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
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References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
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Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
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Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
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References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
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Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
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Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
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Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
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Heim (2002) notes that as recently
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each calendar day in the base perio
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The purpose of the climatic charact
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to compare moisture conditions at d
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Table 6. Overview of different drou
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have been adopted because of the av
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TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
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Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
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8) There is a universal interest in
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Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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