Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Following the Drought Action Plan, several measures were implemented during the last drought period (2005–2010): • Weekly monitoring system. • New desalination plants. • Operation of the Well Strategic Network. • Emergency investments in new infrastructures to increase water resources or to improve demand management. • Water rights transfer, using water transfer infrastructure (up to 70 hm 3 /year) • Restrictions to irrigation supply, up to 50%. • Improving installations and networks to reduce water losses. • Modernization of irrigation systems. • Economic measures to compensate farmers for water supply restrictions. • Administrative measures, including a drought decree to improve water resource management. One example of how measures were applied is the management of the Well Strategic Network (Figure 10). Figure 10. Well Strategic Network. Consequences of the Last Drought (2005–2010) On the positive side, by temporarily increasing water availability, and by a proper management of demands, there were no major constraints on domestic water supply, and urban water supply (services and industry), and environmental and socioeconomic impacts decreased. The impacts on agriculture, compared with former drought periods, are summarized in Table 5. 9
Table 5. Analysis of drought impacts. On the negative side, there were still significant impacts: • Restrictions on irrigation supply, up to 50%. • Increased pressure on groundwater supplies (aquifers). • Great investment effort: 406.46 M€ from 2004-05 to 2008-09. • Water price (also connected with water scarcity): o Desalination water costs: up to 0.72 €/m 3 (in 2008). o Urban supply water price: 0.55 €/m 3 (in 2008). o Abstracted water cost: up to 0.25 €/m 3 . European Expert Network on Water Scarcity and Droughts As a consequence of the release of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000), the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) was created to ease the implementation process. In the field of water scarcity and droughts, and within the WFD CIS structure, the European Expert Network on Water Scarcity and Droughts was set up in December 2006. The Network developed the technical document Drought Management Report, including Agricultural, Drought Indicators and Climate Change Aspects (DMP Report 2007). The main tasks (among others) are: • Support the definition of commonly accepted indicators for water scarcity and droughts in Europe. • Support the creation of drought risk maps, through commonly agreed-on methodology and scales. The lead countries are Spain, France, and Italy. Pilot River Basins The Segura River Basin has been selected by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs as the Spanish Pilot River Basin, within the Expert Network on Water Scarcity and Droughts (Figure 11). The role of the pilot river basins is to share their experiences in the indicator selection process. Member states will evaluate the initial results in pilot river basins and check their effectiveness. The map server of the European Drought Observatory (EDO) at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) will be a valuable tool for implementing the results of this process: http://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/php/index.php?action=view&id=201 10
Page 1 and 2: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
Page 3 and 4: © World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 5 and 6: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
Page 7 and 8: Preface With the world population p
Page 9 and 10: Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
Page 11 and 12: Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
Page 15: Drought Indicator Expression After
Page 19 and 20: Even with this drought action plan
Page 21 and 22: that complicates water management b
Page 23 and 24: Understanding the nature of the haz
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
Page 27 and 28: Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
Page 29 and 30: Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
Page 31 and 32: c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
Page 33 and 34: an unusually large moisture demand.
Page 35 and 36: the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
Page 37 and 38: and temporal variations in drought
Page 39 and 40: Support to Regional Institutions WM
Page 41 and 42: Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
Page 43 and 44: The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
Page 45 and 46: Meteorological research at these in
Page 47 and 48: United States is sent to the Secret
Page 49 and 50: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
Page 51 and 52: PDSI as an operational index since
Page 53 and 54: WAOB, GIS has become an important t
Page 55 and 56: USDM as the official criteria for F
Page 57 and 58: Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
Page 59 and 60: areas recording large incidences of
Page 61 and 62: The analysis revealed that out of 1
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
Page 65 and 66: Figure 5. Progression of surface we
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
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Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
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Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
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Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
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hydrological characteristics, and c
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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application of drought indices has
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The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
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To assist, many agriculturally-spec
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change in Australia. The PDSI provi
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Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
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supply and demand are fully taken i
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In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
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creation of a system of European su
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The second index is extracted from
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Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
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References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
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Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
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The incoming rainwater and the atmo
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Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
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The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
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adverse climatic impacts on agricul
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Agricultural Drought Indices in the
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efers to deficiencies in surface an
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Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
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Limitations of Agricultural Drought
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Incorporating a Composite Approach
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Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
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The North American Drought Monitor:
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process (a) emulates natural cycles
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Summary Given the complexity that d
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alance models cannot be applied for
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60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
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In Figure 4, examples of the normal
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Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
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The soil water balance module in th
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Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
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Conclusions The topics discussed pr
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Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
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The parameters used in crop simulat
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a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
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ackground. The system’s most impo
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management. In research, however, p
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Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
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Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
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Figure 2 represents the regression
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Conclusions and Discussion Several
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Experiences During the Drought Peri
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During the years 2007 and 2008, for
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Figure 6. Management simulation mod
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Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
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References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
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Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
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Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
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References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
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Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
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Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
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Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
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Heim (2002) notes that as recently
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each calendar day in the base perio
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The purpose of the climatic charact
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to compare moisture conditions at d
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Table 6. Overview of different drou
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have been adopted because of the av
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TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
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Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
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8) There is a universal interest in
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Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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