Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Numerous natural indicators of drought should be monitored routinely to determine the onset, ending, and spatial characteristics of drought. Severity must also be evaluated on frequent time steps. Although all types of droughts originate from a deficiency of precipitation, it is insufficient to rely solely on this climate element to assess severity and resultant impacts. Effective drought early warning systems (DEWS) must integrate precipitation and other climatic parameters with water information such as streamflow, snowpack, groundwater levels, reservoir and lake levels, and soil moisture into a comprehensive assessment of current and future drought and water supply conditions. In February 2009, the WMO Commission for Agricultural Meteorology held the International Workshop on Drought and Extreme Temperatures in Beijing, China, to review the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and extreme temperature events around the world. The workshop adopted several recommendations to cope with increasing droughts and extreme temperatures on agriculture, rangelands, and forestry. One of the main recommendations was for WMO to make appropriate arrangements to identify the methods and marshal resources for the development of standards for agricultural drought indices in a timely manner. The Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought was held at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln December 8-11, 2009. It was jointly sponsored by the School of Natural Resources and the National Drought Mitigation Center of the University of Nebraska– Lincoln, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The workshop brought together 54 participants from 22 countries from all the different regions of the world. The workshop reviewed the drought indices currently in use in different regions of the world to explain meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts; assessed the capacity for collecting information on the impacts of drought; reviewed the current and emerging technologies for drought monitoring; and discussed the need for consensus standard indices for describing different types of droughts. The workshop stressed the need for undertaking a comprehensive review of all agricultural and hydrological drought indices documented at this workshop to help identify the prime drought indices for early warning systems most suited for use in the agricultural and water sectors. The workshop recommended that two working groups with representatives from different regions around the world and observers from UN agencies and research institutions (and water resource management agencies for hydrological droughts) be established to further discuss and recommend, by the end of 2010, the most comprehensive indices to characterize the agricultural droughts. Hence the WMO/UNISDR Expert Meeting on Agricultural Drought Indices was organized and held June 2-4, 2010, in Murcia, Spain. Nineteen experts from eight countries participated in the meeting, which was hosted by the Hydrographic Confederation of Segura. The meeting reviewed several drought indices currently used around the world for agricultural drought and assessed the capability of these indices to accurately characterize the severity of drought and its impact on agriculture. The different agricultural drought indices, along with their data needs, are summarized in Table 1. 173
Table 1. Agricultural drought indices currently in use and their data needs. Agricultural Drought Index Rainfall Temp. Estimated soil moisture X X Vegetation index Stream flow Potential evapotranspiration Crop coefficient Palmer Drought Severity Index Deciles X Prescott Ratio Index Hutchinson Index X Plant Growth Index Soil Moisture X X X? Anomaly Enhanced Vegetation Index TCI NDVI Aridity Anomaly Index X X X Two reservoir water X X balance model Soil Water Index X X X X scPDSI X X Drought Severity X Index Warm-spell duration X Index Cold-spell duration X Index Simple Daily Intensity X Index Relative Soil Moisture X X X X Relative Water Deficit X X X X Accumulated Water X X X X Deficiency Accumulated Drought X X X Index Crop Moisture Index X X (CMI) Days without rainfall X Soil Moisture X SPEI X X CMI-Palmer based X X Crop Specific ET X X Drought Monitor X X X X X X Standardized X Precipitation Index (SPI) Percent Normal X Relative Soil Moisture X X X Soil Moisture X X Anomaly Cumulative rainfall X VegDRI Soil type 174
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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Preface With the world population p
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Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
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Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
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Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
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Drought Indicator Expression After
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Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
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Even with this drought action plan
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that complicates water management b
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Understanding the nature of the haz
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Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
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Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
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Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
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c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
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an unusually large moisture demand.
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the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
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and temporal variations in drought
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Support to Regional Institutions WM
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Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
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The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
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Meteorological research at these in
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United States is sent to the Secret
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Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
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PDSI as an operational index since
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WAOB, GIS has become an important t
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USDM as the official criteria for F
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Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
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areas recording large incidences of
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The analysis revealed that out of 1
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Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
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Figure 5. Progression of surface we
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
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Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
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Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
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Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
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hydrological characteristics, and c
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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application of drought indices has
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The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
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To assist, many agriculturally-spec
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change in Australia. The PDSI provi
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Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
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supply and demand are fully taken i
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In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
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creation of a system of European su
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The second index is extracted from
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Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
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References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
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Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
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The incoming rainwater and the atmo
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Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
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The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
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adverse climatic impacts on agricul
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Agricultural Drought Indices in the
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efers to deficiencies in surface an
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Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
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Limitations of Agricultural Drought
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Incorporating a Composite Approach
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Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
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The North American Drought Monitor:
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process (a) emulates natural cycles
Page 129 and 130: Summary Given the complexity that d
Page 131 and 132: alance models cannot be applied for
Page 133 and 134: 60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
Page 135 and 136: In Figure 4, examples of the normal
Page 137 and 138: Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
Page 139 and 140: The soil water balance module in th
Page 141 and 142: Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions The topics discussed pr
Page 145 and 146: Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
Page 147 and 148: The parameters used in crop simulat
Page 149 and 150: a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
Page 151 and 152: ackground. The system’s most impo
Page 153 and 154: management. In research, however, p
Page 155 and 156: Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
Page 157 and 158: Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2 represents the regression
Page 161 and 162: Conclusions and Discussion Several
Page 163 and 164: Experiences During the Drought Peri
Page 165 and 166: During the years 2007 and 2008, for
Page 167 and 168: Figure 6. Management simulation mod
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in
Page 171 and 172: References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
Page 173 and 174: Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
Page 175 and 176: Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
Page 177 and 178: References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
Page 179: Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
Page 183 and 184: Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
Page 185 and 186: Heim (2002) notes that as recently
Page 187 and 188: each calendar day in the base perio
Page 189 and 190: The purpose of the climatic charact
Page 191 and 192: to compare moisture conditions at d
Page 193 and 194: Table 6. Overview of different drou
Page 195 and 196: have been adopted because of the av
Page 197 and 198: TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
Page 199 and 200: Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
Page 201 and 202: 8) There is a universal interest in
Page 203 and 204: Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
Page 205: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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