Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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Figure 8. Water diversions of urban use for the metropolitan area of Valencia. The saving measures initiated by the Irrigators Communities, as well as the opening of the first phase of the modernisation of the Acequia ( irrigation ditch) Real del Júcar, allowed a very important water saving in agriculture, with reductions higher than 50% in diversions of surface water for irrigation in many irrigators communities. One of the most relevant agricultural areas in the JRBA scope, the Júcar riverside in Valencia, significantly reduced irrigation diversions during drought, with reductions higher than 50%. Drought reached the Turia system in the year 2006/07, one year after having started in the Júcar system. Nevertheless, and given the Júcar system’s situation, the agricultural areas of the Turia system initiated some water saving measures during hydrological year 2005/06. One of the main saving measures applied in the Turia system, once it entered the drought situation in 2006/07, was the application of irrigation turns amongst irrigators communities of the traditional irrigations in Turia, called “tandeos”(turns). “Tandeos” consisted in the alternative weekly irrigation between the Real Acequia of Moncada and the irrigation of the Valencia Vega (fertile lowland), maintaining an ecological flow in the river that allowed a significant saving in water use. The Real Acequia of Moncada went from a water use of 90 hm 3 in the year 2004/05 to a use of 40 hm 3 in hydrological years 2006/07 and 2007/08, which meant a water savings higher than 50% (Figure 9). The irrigation in the Valencia Vega went from using 110 hm 3 in hydrological year 2004/05 to an approximate use of 60 hm 3 in hydrological years 2006/07 and 2007/08, which meant an approximate water savings of 50%. The fourth and last group of measures consisted in alternative sources and additional resources generation, the most important elements of which were the use of drought wells, re-circulation of water in irrigation ditches (Acequias) through the so-called “re-pumping”, and the reuse of treated waste water in agriculture. The use of 135 drought wells and 25 re-pumping entailed an important control and surveillance effort to minimise the possible impacts they might have on the environment. In this sense, to homogenise the water extractions in the aquifer and avoid negative local effects, the maximum level of extraction allowed for each well was limited, maximum volume of 1 hm 3 , or a group of wells located in the same area, through the definition of exploitation sectors, maximum volume of 10 hm 3 . The extracted water volume for irrigation of aquifers through drought wells was 40 hm 3 in the irrigation campaigns of 2006 and 2007, and 25 hm 3 during the irrigation campaign of 2008 (Figure 10). The re-circulated water volume from re-pumping during drought, to optimise the use of water in irrigation ditches, was 40 hm 3 during the irrigation campaign of 2006, 60 hm 3 during the campaign of 2007 and 100 hm 3 during the campaign of 2008. 161
Figure 9. Irrigation diversions in the Real Acequia of Moncada. Figure 10. Drought wells and re-pumping in the Júcar riverside (left), extracted volumes from drought wells (right). One of the important elements for additional resources generation consisted in the reuse of treated waste water in agricultural areas of the Valencia Vega (Table 1). The reuse went from 28 hm 3 in the hydrological year 2005/06 to 95 hm 3 in the year 2007/08. The reuse of treated waste water was developed from the treatment plants of Pinedo II, Quart-Benàger, Carraixet and Paterna – Fuente del Jarro, for irrigators communities of the Real Acequia of Moncada, Acequia of Tormos, Acequia of Rascanya, Acequia of Favara, Acequia del Oro and Acequias of Xirivella, Andarella, Benàger and Faitanar. The development and application of this group of measures required the approval of a set of emergency works for a total amount of 75 million Euros, initiated during the years 2005 (19 million €), 2006 (35 million €), 2007 (15 million €) and 2008 (5 million €). These works were destined to environmental protection, improvement of the guarantee and quantity of water for urban use, improvement of efficiency of water use for agriculture and improvement of infrastructures of water supply. 162
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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© World Meteorological Organizatio
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Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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Preface With the world population p
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Segura River Basin: Spanish Pilot R
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Table 3. Segura River Basin resourc
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Figure 5. Segura River Basin water
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Drought Indicator Expression After
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Table 5. Analysis of drought impact
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Even with this drought action plan
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that complicates water management b
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Understanding the nature of the haz
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Figure 2. U.S. Drought Monitor for
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Summary Drought is a creeping pheno
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Agricultural Drought—WMO Perspect
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c) CAgM-VI (Washington, USA, 1974)
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an unusually large moisture demand.
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the-clock nature of WIGOS, the anal
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and temporal variations in drought
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Support to Regional Institutions WM
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Williams, M.A.J. and R.C. Balling,
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The day after Black Sunday, an Asso
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Meteorological research at these in
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United States is sent to the Secret
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Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI
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PDSI as an operational index since
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WAOB, GIS has become an important t
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USDM as the official criteria for F
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Monitoring Drought Risks in India w
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areas recording large incidences of
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The analysis revealed that out of 1
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Figure 3. Aridity anomaly chart of
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Figure 5. Progression of surface we
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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Meteorological and Agricultural Dro
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Palmer Drought Severity Index Adapt
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Accumulated WD and WS April 2010 Ac
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Soil Water Storage (SWS) September
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hydrological characteristics, and c
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Agricultural Drought Indices in Cur
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application of drought indices has
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The Value of Crop and Pasture Simul
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To assist, many agriculturally-spec
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change in Australia. The PDSI provi
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Mpelasoka, F.S., M.A. Collier, R. S
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supply and demand are fully taken i
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In Germany, the Deutsche Wetterdien
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creation of a system of European su
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The second index is extracted from
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Figure 7. Standardized Soil Water I
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References Durand, Y., E. Brun, L.
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Europe around the Iberian Peninsula
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The incoming rainwater and the atmo
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Figure 6. Example of SPI map for a
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The 1991-95 Drought Episode A long-
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adverse climatic impacts on agricul
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Agricultural Drought Indices in the
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efers to deficiencies in surface an
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5. Time series of standardiz
Page 119 and 120: Limitations of Agricultural Drought
Page 121 and 122: Incorporating a Composite Approach
Page 123 and 124: Figure 3. Daily gridded SPI by regi
Page 125 and 126: The North American Drought Monitor:
Page 127 and 128: process (a) emulates natural cycles
Page 129 and 130: Summary Given the complexity that d
Page 131 and 132: alance models cannot be applied for
Page 133 and 134: 60 50 40 Error 30 20 Systematic Err
Page 135 and 136: In Figure 4, examples of the normal
Page 137 and 138: Figure 7. Water balance for Brazil,
Page 139 and 140: The soil water balance module in th
Page 141 and 142: Water Balance as a Tool for Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Conclusions The topics discussed pr
Page 145 and 146: Use of Crop Models for Drought Anal
Page 147 and 148: The parameters used in crop simulat
Page 149 and 150: a model for cassava and potato (Tsu
Page 151 and 152: ackground. The system’s most impo
Page 153 and 154: management. In research, however, p
Page 155 and 156: Smajstrla, A.G. 1990. Technical Man
Page 157 and 158: Monitoring Regional Drought Conditi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 2 represents the regression
Page 161 and 162: Conclusions and Discussion Several
Page 163 and 164: Experiences During the Drought Peri
Page 165 and 166: During the years 2007 and 2008, for
Page 167: Figure 6. Management simulation mod
Page 171 and 172: References Andreu, J., Ferrer Polo,
Page 173 and 174: Table 2. MERIS spectral bands MDS N
Page 175 and 176: Figure 6. Spanish NSDIE during 2008
Page 177 and 178: References Gu, Y., J. F. Brown, J.
Page 179 and 180: Agricultural Drought Indices: Summa
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. Agricultural drought indic
Page 183 and 184: Accumulated Rainfall Deficits In an
Page 185 and 186: Heim (2002) notes that as recently
Page 187 and 188: each calendar day in the base perio
Page 189 and 190: The purpose of the climatic charact
Page 191 and 192: to compare moisture conditions at d
Page 193 and 194: Table 6. Overview of different drou
Page 195 and 196: have been adopted because of the av
Page 197 and 198: TCI = 100 (T max - T) / (T max - T
Page 199 and 200: Figure 1. The February 8, 2011, US
Page 201 and 202: 8) There is a universal interest in
Page 203 and 204: Mavromatis, T. 2007. Drought index
Page 205: Agricultural Drought Indices Procee
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Agricultural Drought Indices - US Department of Agriculture

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