Disaster Risk Reduction in School Curricula: Case Studies ... - Unicef

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137 Industrialized Countries References Les risques majeurs dans les programmes scolaires: Année 20ll. 2011. Ministry of National Education/Direction générale de l’enseignement Scolaire. (2010). Eduquer à la responsabilité face aux risques. 26 October 2010. Généralisation d’une éducation à l’environnement pour un développement durable (EEDD) – rentrée 2004. Circulaire no. 2004-110 DU 8-7-2004 MEN DESCO A11. Préparation De La Rentrée 2004 Dans Les Écoles. Les Collèges et Les Lycées. C. no. 2004-015 du 27-1.2004 MEN –DESCO. UNISDR. (2007). Towards a Culture of Prevention: Disaster Risk Reduction Begins at School: Good Practices and Lesson Learned. Geneva: UNISDR. Disaster Risk Reduction in School Curricula: Case Studies from Thirty Countries
138 Section 10. Case 17: The Case Studies Japan Overview Japan offers an example of DRR infusion into formal school curricula through two main avenues: existing school subjects and ‘a period of integrated study’. There are a number of boards of education, schools, and individual teachers who have taken advantage of the latter avenue and have developed teaching and learning support materials and special programmes based on the experiences of and lessons learnt from recent natural disasters. The systematic development and implementation of DRR curricula in schools throughout the country has yet to be realized. Introduction Japan is widely known as a proactive country when it comes to dealing with natural hazards by advancing high technologies and building infrastructures against earthquakes and tsunamis as well as regularly conducting early warning and evacuation drills at all levels of society, including schools, communities, public and private organizations. In Japan, school safety has been divided into three areas, i.e., general safety of students’ everyday lives (being safe from various accidents and criminal activities), traffic safety, and disaster risk reduction. To address the latter, disaster risk reduction education is in place, together with disaster management for school infrastructures, and school and community support networks (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT, 2011a). Curriculum Development/Integration According to MEXT, DRR-related topics and themes appear in a few subjects in both primary and secondary school curricula. Examples at the primary level are: Social Studies (locally specific disasters and accidents, grades 3-4; local disaster response initiatives and mechanisms, grade 6); Science (mechanisms of volcanic activities and earthquakes, grade 6); Physical and Health Education (prevention of injuries and first aid skills for minor injuries, grades 5-6). Examples from the lower secondary level (with no specification of grade level) include: Geography (geographic characteristics of the country and natural disasters); Science (mechanisms of volcanic activities and earthquakes; human and natural relationships including natural disasters); Physical and Health Education (causal effects of injuries; preventative behaviour and attitudes towards injuries; first aid skills); Technologies and Home Economics (safe and convenient home environments) 80 . With regard to the ‘period of integrated study’ which was established in the new curricula introduced in 2002 81 , each school and teacher is encouraged to use this curriculum space creatively by offering interdisciplinary and comprehensive courses dealing with issues and topics which are the most relevant to students in a particular locality. Popular topics covered in this curriculum space include: international understanding and environmental and welfare education, among others. DRR topics are also addressed in some schools, especially in those located in regions recently affected by natural disasters or in high disaster risk areas. For example, using 50 class periods per year during the period of integrated study, one elementary school in Kochi prefecture addresses DRR throughout the year using activities such as creating local evacuation maps, organising puppet shows about on DRR for younger children, conducting evacuation drills, and practicing first aid skills 82 . Pedagogy The Cabinet Office supports the dissemination of good teaching practices and useful tools for disaster risk reduction education through a webpage devoted to this topic 83 . Good DRR lesson examples can be found through this link. The teaching and 80 http://www.mext.go.jp/ 81 At the primary level (grades from 3 to 6) 70 class periods are allocated per year (45 minutes per class). At the secondary level, for grade 7, 50 classes, for grade 8 and 9, 70 classes are allocated per year (50 minutes per class) (http://www.mext.go.jp/). 82 This project was from 2003 to 2005. It is uncertain whether the school will continue this project. http://www.bosai-study.net/houkoku/plan08/index.html Disaster Risk Reduction in School Curricula: Case Studies from Thirty Countries
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