Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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Interpretation of the various load deflection curves indicates a similar behaviour in general for the different types of fibres. Beyond peak load, a reduction of the stiffness of the composite was observed, supplemented by a quasi ductile behaviour. The area under the load deflection curves increased as the volume fraction of the fibres added increased. The highest peak loads for all volume fractions were recorded for IFCA (Dramix RC-80/30- BP - hooked ended fibres, l/d: 79) mixes, while the lowest peak load was achieved by IFCB (La Gramigna 100x50 - hooked ended fibres l/d: 50) mixes, (except for the 2% volume fraction). Assessment of the energy absorption up to failure for all mixes gave insight on the toughness of the various specimens tested. Toughness increased as more fibres were added to the fresh mix. IFCA (Dramix RC-80/30-BP) mixes exhibited the highest level of toughness for all volume fractions. The toughness exhibited by TFRC (shredded tyre fibres) mixes was higher than that for IFCB (La Gramigna 100x50) and IFCC (Fibeton 8-40) mixes for all fibre volume fractions. This is attributed to the aspect ratio of the fibres. An investigation of the crack opening indicated that waste tyre fibres develop cracks at a load lower than other fibres. The investigation indicated that the use of shredded tyre fibres leads to a small contribution with respect to compressive strength. Gains of up to 2.8kN (7.83%) with respect to the control mix, were recorded when using a volume fraction of 1.5%. A more significant improvement was noted when testing in flexure. In the case of the 1.5% volume fraction, a higher peak load (4.6kN – 33%) with respect to the control mix was observed for TFRC. Composites containing shredded tyre fibres showed a higher level of toughness than La Gramigna 100x50 (IFCB - hooked ended fibres, l/d: 50) and Fibeton 8-40 (IFCC - crimped fibres, l/d: 50) fibres. However due to the lack of end anchorage, fibre slippage resulted in the development of wider cracks. The current research can be considered as a preliminary investigation to determine the potential use of the shredded waste tyre fibres in concrete. The outcome of the experimental investigation, and supporting literature, indicate that various aspects that can be considered in further detail. These include the consideration of a larger number of test samples; consideration of a larger number of test variables; the inclusion of different volume fractions; assessment of the fibre aspect ratio; the assessment of fresh concrete properties and mixing methodology; consideraion of additional tests on hardened concrete; durability assessment; the potential use in different types of concrete mixes; and the assessment of potential applications of waste tyre fibres. REFERENCES ACI Committee 544. 1993. Guide for Specifying, Proportioning, Mixing, Placing, and Finishing Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete. A.C.I. Materials Journal, 90 (1), pp 94-103. Al-Ghamdy, D. O., Wight, J. K. & Tons, E. 1994. Flexural toughness of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Journal of King Abdul-Aziz University: engineering sciences, 6 pp 81-97. Basel Convention Technical Committee. October 2000. Technical Guidelines on the Identification and Management of Used Tyres. Basel: UNEP. Bentur, A., & Mindness, S. 1990. Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites. Albany, NY: Elsevier Publishing. Blumenthal, M. 2006. Scrap Tyre markets in the United States. Washington, DC: Rubber Manufacturers Association. ETRMA. 2007. End of Life Tyres – A valuable resource with growing potential 2007 Edition. Brussels: European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers Association. Farrugia, C. 2009. Waste Tyre Fibres – Investigating the potential use in concrete. B.E. & A. (Hons.) Unpublished dissertation, University of Malta. Inga, S. & Inga, K. 2006. Comparison of End-of-life Tyre Treatment Technologies: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. Environmental research, engineering and management, 35 (1), pp. 52-60. Integrated Waste Management Board. 2003. Assessment of Markets for Fibre and Steel Produced From Recycling Waste Tires. Sacramento, CA: California Environmental Protection Agency. Laskar, A., & Talukdar, S. 2008. Rheology of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing), 9 (2), pp. 167-177. 88
Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Environment Protection Act Malta Standards Authority. 2000. MSA EN 12390-5. Testing hardened concrete. Flexural strength of test specimens. Malta Standards Authority. 2002. MSA EN 12390-3. Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. Malta Standards Authority. 2004. MSA EN 14243. Post-consumer tyre. Materials and applications. MEPA. 2008. State of the Environment Indicators 2007. Malta Environment & Planning Authority. Ministry for the Environment 2001. A Solid Waste Management Strategy for the Maltese Islands. Valletta Pilakoutas, K., Neocleous, K. & Tlemat, H. 2004. Reuse of steel fibres as concrete reinforcement. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Engineering Sustainability, 157 (3), pp. 131-138. Sekar, T. 2004. Fibre Reinforced Concrete from Industrial Waste Products – A Feasibility Study. IE(I) Journal-CV 84 (2), pp 287-290. Siddique, R. 2008. Waste Materials and By-Products in Concrete. Helderberg: Springer. Sukontasukkul, P. 2004. Toughness Evaluation of Steel and Polyproylene Fibre Reinforced Beams under Bending. Thammasat International Journal of Science and Technology. 9 (3), pp. 35-41. The Council of the European Union, 1999; Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. Veasey, J. T., Wilson, R. J., & Squires, D. M. 1993. The Physical Separation and Recovery of Metals from Waste. Singapore: Taylor & Francis. WasteServ Malta. 2008. Sustainable Waste Management for the Maltese Islands - 5 Years of Achievements, St. Venera: WasteServ Malta WRAP. June 2007. Markets for steel and fibre from used tyre processing. Oxon: Waste and Resource Action Programme. 89
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
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- Introduction to the aims and obje
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The Role of Environmental Assessmen
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
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process is used to facilitate the e
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With assistance of information tech
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Building Sustainability Assessment:
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• To improved reliability through
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Table 2. Parameters declared in the
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From the outputs of this building s
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Green Building Design Guideline İ.
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2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51: REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113: 1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
Page 118 and 119: to the production of the specific u
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123: The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125: 3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
Page 126 and 127: GWL these uses are separated while
Page 128 and 129: Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
Page 136 and 137: placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
Page 138 and 139: In the table, when the simulation p
Page 140 and 141: estimate the output of the panels i
Page 142 and 143: plan. The aim of this kind of chang
Page 144 and 145: First (front) group (zone) Second (
Page 146 and 147: predicted, illustrated and listened
Page 148 and 149: Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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138
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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