Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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2 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 2.1 Methodology & test parameters In order to assess the performance of steel fibre concrete, various concrete mixes incorporating steel fibres from shredded tyres and industrial fibres available on the market were designed and tested. Two different geometric sections of industrial fibres were chosen – straight fibres with hooked ends and crimped fibres, in order to compare the properties of concrete including shredded tyre steel fibre with concrete including different geometries of industrial fibres. Two different types of straight fibres with hooked ends were used to investigate the different aspect ratios. For each mix, varying proportions of fibres at 0.5 percentile increments were used (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) in order to assess the performance of different percentile fractions. A mix with a target strength of 35MPa, with no added fibres was designed to serve as a control mix. The same quantities of raw materials were added to the mixes with fibres in order to determine any change in fresh and hardened properties of concrete due to the addition of fibres. The different mixes are shown in Table 1. Table 1: The different concrete mixes Mix No. Type Percentile Fibre Name 1 Control Mix 0.00% CM 2 1.00% TFRC-1.0 3 Shredded Steel Fibres 1.50% TFRC-1.5 4 2.00% TFRC-2.0 5 Industrial Steel Fibres 1.00% IFCA-1.0 6 Straight with Hooked End 1.50% IFCA-1.5 7 (L/D: 79) 2.00% IFCA-2.0 8 Industrial Steel Fibres 1.00% IFCB-1.0 9 Straight with Hooked End 1.50% IFCB-1.5 10 (L/D: 50) 2.00% IFCB-2.0 11 Industrial Steel Fibres 1.00% IFCC-1.0 12 Crimped Fibres 1.50% IFCC-1.5 13 (L/D: 50) 2.00% IFCC-2.0 Abbreviations: IFCA Industrial fibre concrete using hooked ended fibres (l/d = 79) IFCB Industrial fibre concrete using hooked ended fibres (l/d = 50) IFCC Industrial fibre concrete using crimpled fibres (l/d = 50) TFRC Shredded tyre steel fibre reinforced concrete 2.2 Materials The materials used to produce the concrete mixes were cement (CEM II 42.5R OPC, conforming to MSA EN 197-1:2000), crushed aggregate, water, various types of steel fibres and a super plasticizing agent (Viscocrete 3060I). The aggregate used was crushed, natural, lower coralline limestone aggregate, obtained from JMS Quarry (Zurrieq, Malta). The material was collected from the same production in three separate sizes, namely 5mm fine aggregate, and 10mm and 20mm coarse aggregate. Shredded steel fibres were collected from the MetalCo Ltd. tyre shredding plant. Industrial steel fibres were obtained from various suppliers. The geometric properties of the fibres are given in Table 2. 78
Table 2: Geometric properties of the fibres used Fibre Type Length (l) [mm] Diameter (d) [mm] Aspect Ratio l/d Tensile Strength [MPa] Shredded Steel Fibre 34 a 0.28 a 132 2677 a Dramix RC-80/30-BP (IFCA) 30 0.38 79 2300 La Gramigna 100 x 50 (IFCB) 50 1 50 1100 Fibeton 8-40 (IFCC) 40 0.8 50 1050 a average Figure 1: The different types of fibres used 2.3 Assessment of shredded tyre steel fibres The fibre geometric properties A random sample, weighing 5.08 grams was obtained through quartering, to carry out investigations on the geometric properties of the waste tyre steel fibres. The sample consisted of 212 fibres, where each fibre was separately measured. A micrometer was used to establish the diameter of the fibres. The length and thickness of the fibres were then used to compile information about the aspect ratio of the fibres. A distribution of the results obtained is given in Figures 2-4. Figure 2: The distribution of fibre length 79
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
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- Introduction to the aims and obje
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The Role of Environmental Assessmen
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
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process is used to facilitate the e
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With assistance of information tech
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Building Sustainability Assessment:
Page 39 and 40: • To improved reliability through
Page 41 and 42: Table 2. Parameters declared in the
Page 43 and 44: From the outputs of this building s
Page 45 and 46: Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51: REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113: 1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
Page 118 and 119: to the production of the specific u
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123: The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125: 3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
Page 126 and 127: GWL these uses are separated while
Page 128 and 129: Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
Page 136 and 137: placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
Page 138 and 139: In the table, when the simulation p
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estimate the output of the panels i
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plan. The aim of this kind of chang
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First (front) group (zone) Second (
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predicted, illustrated and listened
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Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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138
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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