Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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Figure 15: Peak Load – Effect of fibre type Effect of volume fraction Figure 14 shows a general trend of increase in peak load reached with increase in volume fraction of the fibres added. This is observed for all types of fibres, except for TFRC-2.0 (shredded tyre fibres), which exhibited a peak load inferior to TFRC-1.5. Effect of fibre type Figure 15 represents the effect of fibre type for similar volume fractions. The highest peak loads for all volume fractions were achieved for IFCA (hooked ended fibres, l/d: 79) mixes, while the lowest peak load was achieved by IFCB (hooked ended fibres l/d: 50) mixes, (except for the 2% volume fraction). The high peak loads obtained for IFCA (hooked ended fibres, l/d: 79) mixes are attributed to the aspect ratio of the fibres used. Contrasting different geometric shapes, IFCC (crimped fibres) led to higher peak strengths than IFCB (hooked ended fibres). 3.2.2 Toughness The area under the load-deflection curve of a specimen is considered as a measure of its toughness. The toughness index, as outlined in JSCE SF-4, was used to determine the toughness of the various beams tested, as exhibited by their load-deflection pattern. The results are shown in Figures 16 and 17. Figure 16: Toughness Index – Effect of volume fraction 86
Figure 17: Toughness Index – Effect of fibre type Effect of fibre volume Figure 16 indicates an increase in toughness with increased volume fraction, for the various fibres used. The increases in toughness with volume fraction, is attributed to the increase in the fibres in the matrix and across cracks. Effect of fibre type A representation of the toughness indexes of the various test specimens for varying volume fraction is given in Fig. 17. Trends attributed to fibre geometry can be observed. For all volume fractions, IFCA (hooked ended fibres, l/d: 79) mixes demonstrated the highest toughness. This was followed by TFRC (shredded tyre fibres, l/d: 132) and IFCB (hooked ended fibres, l/d: 50) mixes. IFCC (crimped fibres, l/d: 50) mixes exhibited the lowest level of toughness. In comparing fibre profiles, hooked ended fibres (IFCA, IFCB) indicated higher toughness than crimped fibres (IFCC). Shredded tyre fibres showed higher levels of toughness than crimped fibres, and hooked ended fibres with an aspect ratio of 50. The profile of shredded tyre fibres is rather random and non-uniform. The twisted nature of the shredded fibres potentially contributes for enhanced anchorage and bonding with the matrix. In comparing IFCA (hooked ended fibres, l/d: 79) and IFCB (hooked ended fibres, l/d: 50), an increase in aspect ratio resulted in increased toughness. 4 CONCLUSIONS For the various types of fibres used in the mixes, the addition of fibres to the matrix resulted in increased compressive strength. The gain in strength in general increased as the volume fraction of the fibres added was increased. However the strength obtained for TFRC-2.0, was lower than the strength obtained for TFRC-1.5. The highest strengths were obtained for IFCA mixes (Dramix RC-80/30-BP) for volume fractions 1.0% and 2.0%. This was attributed to the aspect ratio of these fibres, which was significantly higher than the aspect ratio of the other fibres. Flexural tensile strength tests for all mixes indicate that the addition of fibres to the fresh mix increased the ductility of the composite in the hardened stage. An increase in peak strength was also recorded. Failure of all specimens was due to fibre slippage rather than yielding of the fibre reinforcement. 87
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
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- Introduction to the aims and obje
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The Role of Environmental Assessmen
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
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process is used to facilitate the e
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With assistance of information tech
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Building Sustainability Assessment:
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• To improved reliability through
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Table 2. Parameters declared in the
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From the outputs of this building s
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Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51: REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113: 1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
Page 118 and 119: to the production of the specific u
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123: The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125: 3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
Page 126 and 127: GWL these uses are separated while
Page 128 and 129: Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
Page 136 and 137: placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
Page 138 and 139: In the table, when the simulation p
Page 140 and 141: estimate the output of the panels i
Page 142 and 143: plan. The aim of this kind of chang
Page 144 and 145: First (front) group (zone) Second (
Page 146 and 147: predicted, illustrated and listened
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Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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