Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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Considering these requirements a quadratic structural hollow section according to EN 10210 is used. For the steel grade S355 and dimensions 100x100x4 mm, design resistance of 417 kN is obtained according to EN 1993-1-1. All results below are based on the weight of the chosen structural hollow section 11.90 kg/m. The total weight of the column is 29.75 kg. 4.2 Steel making process Steel is basically produced in two process routes. Primary steel production is mostly done in the blast furnace (BF) route, whereas secondary steel production is made in the electric arc furnace (EAF) route. The BF route is characterized by reducing first iron ores to iron and afterwards converting the iron to steel. In this process route up to 25 % scrap can be added. The steel making process is realized using the basic oxygen furnace. The steelmaking process in the EAF route may use as much as almost 100% scrap. The recycled steel is melted in the electric arc furnace. Steel produced from both routes can be finalized into hot or cold rolling products. 4.3 Environmental declaration Environmental declarations (EPD) of steel product for Norwegian steel association and Contiga AS are used to asses environmental impact of the steel column. Documents were issued by SINTEF Building and Infrastructure (SINTEF 2007a) according to ISO 14044, ISO 14025, ISO 21930 and product category rules of steel as construction materials. The results were obtained by using the EcoDec-tool, which is a non commercial tool, developed at SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, for “cradle to gate” and “cradle to grave” declarations (see Figure 4). Details for the cradle to grave EPD are carried out by using data from European mills and Contiga AS, a manufacturer of prefabricated solutions of building frame structures of steel and concrete. The declared unit is per kg steel. Raw materials Manufacturing Cradle to gate Building site Use / Maintenance Demolition Gate to grave Disposal / Recycling Figure 4. System boundaries – Cradle to grave Following system boundaries were considered in the cradle to grave EPD “Steel Structures of hot finished structural hollow sections (HFSHS)” (SINTEF 2007b). 1. The service life of the building of 60 years and a service life of the product of 100 years was assumed. A recovery rate of steel of 96 % was assumed at end of life sce- 50
nario. That means, flows of the recycled material will be taken as input in the production process of the next product. 2. The following transport distances are included: - Transport of raw materials from extraction/supplier to manufacturer. - Transport of steel products from steel mill to wholesaler (average distance estimated to 900 km) - Transport of steel products from wholesaler to manufacturer of steel frames (average distance estimated to 100 km) - Transport of building products from manufacturer to building site (average distance estimated to 400 km) - Transport from building site to recycling/incineration and land fill (average distance estimated to 50 km) Transport data is based on The Norwegian Emission Inventory (SFT - Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, February 2000). 3. Data on energy consumption on the building site is based on information given by Contiga AS. 4. The column does not need any mechanical maintenance during the use phase. Average service life of the paint is expected to be 60 years. This is based on that the loss of paint will be 1,3 μm a year (Corrosion category C1 2 ) and that the minimum thickness of the paint will be between 80 and 120 μm. The building frame structure will not be painted during the service life of the building (60 years). The steel products will have no impact on the indoor environment. 5. Energy consumption on demolition is assumed to be the same as for the building site. 6. The use/maintenance phase and the demolition phase are based on a typical scenario for the product. End of life scenario is included in LCI data for the steel products and is based on a recovery rate (RR) of 96 %. Recovery rate is the fraction of steel recovered as scrap during one life cycle of a steel product. The flows of the recycled material will then become inputs into the production of the next product. According to TIBNOR AB (TIBNOR 2009), a Swedish company which sells steel long products, the column costs 16.65 SEK/kg which is approximately 49 Euro for the complete column. Costs after the factory gate are the building site specific. Table 4. Energy resources Unit Raw materials Manufact. + packaging Building site Demolition /Disposal Transport Renewable energy Hydro power MJ 2,20E+02 6,25E+01 2,83E+02 Bio energy MJ 2,02E-01 2,02E-01 Non-renewable energy Oil MJ 4,46E+01 1,76E+01 1,07E+01 1,07E+01 2,20E+01 1,06E+02 Gas MJ 1,04E+02 6,25E+00 1,10E+02 Coal MJ 1,55E+02 7,14E-01 1,55E+02 Nuclear power MJ 4,46E+00 1,52E+00 5,98E+00 Other energy MJ 6,25E+01 3,57E-01 6,28E+01 Total 7,23E+02 Total Table 4 represents the amount of energy which is used during one life cycle. It is equal to 723 MJ. Around 82 % of the total amount of used energy is needed in the process phase “raw materials” (see Figure 5). 51
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
Page 11 and 12: Contents Sustainability of Construc
Page 13 and 14: Sustainability of Constructions Int
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
Page 17 and 18: Sustainability of Construction Stru
Page 19 and 20: WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
Page 21 and 22: In the context of the Action a comp
Page 23 and 24: ia. (“Politehnica” University o
Page 25: - Introduction to the aims and obje
Page 29 and 30: The Role of Environmental Assessmen
Page 31 and 32: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
Page 33 and 34: process is used to facilitate the e
Page 35 and 36: With assistance of information tech
Page 37 and 38: Building Sustainability Assessment:
Page 39 and 40: • To improved reliability through
Page 41 and 42: Table 2. Parameters declared in the
Page 43 and 44: From the outputs of this building s
Page 45 and 46: Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51: REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
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1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
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• Perceptions of End Users: Discu
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REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
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to the production of the specific u
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Figure 1. Proposals of different de
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The sustainable development of tran
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3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
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GWL these uses are separated while
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Energy consumption for heating, kWh
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Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
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REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
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Facades form the biggest part of th
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placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
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In the table, when the simulation p
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estimate the output of the panels i
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plan. The aim of this kind of chang
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First (front) group (zone) Second (
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predicted, illustrated and listened
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Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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138
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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