Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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1.5 Design Team Cabe, the government’s advisor on architecture, urban design and public space completed a UK housing audit in 2009. The results demonstrate that most consumers are getting a raw deal in regards to new homes. Only 18 per cent were found to be ‘good’ or ‘very good’, 53 per cent were average and the design quality of 29 per cent was so poor that planning permission should not have been granted. (Cabe, 2009) It is suggested that the house building industry should take some responsibility as they are guilty of having pursued maximum profitability at the expense of social and environmental responsibility. (Maliene et al., 2009) An urgent improvement is required. (Cabe, 2010) A study by Bailey et al. (2007) found that 10 per cent of participants were willing to pay a substantial premium for a sustainable home whereas 59 per cent were willing to pay a premium and 32 per cent would be willing to pay marginally more. A survey by NHBC found the response to sustainable community infrastructure was that 33 per cent would want to pay less to live there and 21 per cent would want to pay more (NHBC, 2009). The Architecture profession is often wary of sustainability due to its seeming limitations. Similar to developers, designers frequently see sustainability as another required addition to the design process instead of an integral part of it (Ryhaug, 2005). With this outlook on sustainability the discipline of Architecture has often retreated into visual and spatial innovation rather than attempting to lead the way in sustainable specification. Design factors considered in the design process could be summarised as: functionality; aesthetics; symbolic value; availability; and cost. Sustainability and the consideration of environmental, economic and social concern is only an addition to this list. Often when Architects do integrate sustainability in the design process their strategy is to copy the ecological processes involved, without having a true understanding of them (Stevenson, 2006). (McCullough et al., 2010) Architects must understand that rules of thumb used to guide the design process may no longer be valid in this context. Design guides are often used to optimise building performance but these are dependent on the climate where they are developed and the local technologies. They are also mostly developed under ideal conditions whereas real sites may not be south facing or may be in shade along with other site specific factors (Charron, 2008). The Zero Carbon Hub have suggested that designers must begin to change their language and start to talk in the preferred metric of KWh/m2/yr in regards to space heating and space cooling energy demand (ZCH, 2009). Building professionals significantly influence the decision making processes in housing construction. This suggests that the perceptions of building professionals will have an influence on the future of sustainable development. Although governments provide guidelines for sustainable construction the implementation process will be influenced and determined by the perceptions and awareness of building professionals (Lo et al, 2006). (McCullough et al., 2010) 1.6 Research Project Hayles and Dean (2010) explain that perceptions of climate change in the UK vary greatly: In a public attitude survey (Curry et al., 2005) 28% of participants stated that ‘we will have to change our lifestyles to reduce energy consumption’, whereas 27% of respondents stated that ‘global warming is a problem but the UK won’t do anything about it’. 27% stated that ‘researchers will develop new technologies to solve the problem’, which means that a large number of those participating in the survey did not feel they had a responsibility to change their environmental behaviour, relying solely on centralised mitigation to address the problem. To create designs which achieve their low carbon emissions targets in reality, designers must be informed in regards to the perceptions and behaviours’ of end users and how they adapt to living with sustainable design strategies and therefore develop an understanding of how design strategies perform in reality. This is a twofold issue where the perceptions, awareness and behaviours of both the designer and the end user must be collected and analysed to find the adaptations required to design or live in a sustainable home. There are few known projects that have looked at perceptions’ and awareness of the adaptations required to live in and design environmentally sustainable homes and therefore, this research must be completed before a successful method for achieving nationwide zero carbon housing can be developed. (McCullough et al., 2010) 100
This paper outlines a research project currently being undertaken by the author to develop a better understanding of the requirements of the designer and the end user. The project aims to achieve the following; • An understanding of current perceptions, awareness and behaviours of the housing design team; • An understanding of current perceptions, awareness and behaviours of ‘end users’; • An understanding of expected adaptations required for design team members’ to achieve low and zero carbon housing; • An understanding of expected adaptations required for end users’ to live in Code four or above; and • A rigorous approach to achieving zero carbon housing which can be rolled out across all new housing in the UK by bringing together information from designers and end users. The first stage of the research will focus on social housing in regards to designers and end users. The next stage will be to look at private housing including designers, developers and potential purchasers. 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction The researchers have developed a 3 stage research methodology. The first stage involves collecting information about current perceptions, awareness and behaviours from designers and end users’ using semi structured interview driven questionnaires. The second stage will involve separate focus groups with designers and end users’. A dissemination workshop will be used to bring together both groups to discuss the final outcome and the way forward. Once this information is collected the project aims to study behaviours within specific low and zero carbon case studies. (McCullough et al., 2010) 2.2 Design Team Interviews As part of the first stage of the research project semi-structured interviews will be conducted with design team representatives. 12 participants were recommended by a local housing executive. This will serve as a pilot for a fuller research project. The interviews will be organised in the following three sections: Scene setting: This section uses mostly structured questions to gather information about the participants’ professional background, experience, current job and experience within the sustainable housing industry and then develop an understanding of participants’ perceptions of the climate change issue within the housing industry using rating scales similar to those used in the end user questionnaire. Further questions investigate participants’ perceptions of the proportion of energy used in construction and in the home in comparison with other sources of carbon emissions; Sustainable Construction: Questions aim to develop an understanding of the participants’ knowledge in regards to sustainable construction, energy generation and recent developments within the area such as Passivhaus, Allowable Solutions and international ideas. Barriers to change, drivers of the design process and experience of the skills gap are also identified. Closing questions are aimed at drawing out information in regards to the importance of sustainability within the design process and investigating the participants’ knowledge and views about specific strategies; 101
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
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- Introduction to the aims and obje
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The Role of Environmental Assessmen
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
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process is used to facilitate the e
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With assistance of information tech
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Building Sustainability Assessment:
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• To improved reliability through
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Table 2. Parameters declared in the
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From the outputs of this building s
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Green Building Design Guideline İ.
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2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
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Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
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REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
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Structural, economic and environmen
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Figure 1. Types and sources of data
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espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
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Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
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Page 120 and 121: Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123: The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125: 3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
Page 126 and 127: GWL these uses are separated while
Page 128 and 129: Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
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Page 148 and 149: Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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Page 154 and 155: 2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
Page 156 and 157: Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
Page 158 and 159: Figure 5: The results of the survey
Page 160 and 161: 1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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