Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch system Figure 2b Arch unit during lifting Figure 2c Transfer to bridge location Figure 2d Locating unit on precast sill beams 4 VALIDATION 4.1 Validation tests Even though the „FlexiArch‟ system has all the characteristics of a conventional masonry arch it was decided that a thorough testing programme should be carried out to demonstrate its strength/stiffness and viability for a range of applications. Model tests (mostly third scale) were carried out in the laboratory and these allowed the ultimate capacities and stiffness to be determined. Both conventional granular backfill and lean mix concrete (preferred system for arches up to 6m span) were assessed for the following prototypes (5m x2m rise, 8m x 3m rise and 10m x 2m rise). The results were in line with those for conventional arches. In parallel it was decided that full scale tests should be carried out mostly at the precasting facility in Toomebirdge. These FlexiArch‟ systems were constructed by Macrete to the same rigorous standards used for all their commercial products. At full scale the loading on the units during lifting, backfilling and under applied loads accurately simulated those which would occur in practice. Macrete supplied the test sites, the kentledge and loading beams which allowed point loads of up to 74t to be applied using hydraulic jacks. The University calibrated the hydraulic jacks, 166
installed the displacement transducers and strain gauges and collected/analysed the resulting data. In summary the following „FlexiArch‟ systems have been tested: i) A single 1m wide element of a 5m span x 2m rise arch which was backfilled with concrete ii) Five 1m wide elements of a 5m span x 2m rise arch which had a spandrel wall installed prior to backfilling with concrete. iii) Tievenameena Bridge in Northern Ireland which was designed to meet DRD Roads Service Standards and consisted of eight 1m wide elements of a 5m span x 2m rise arch, spandrel walls (subsequently clad with natural stone) and concrete backfill. Subjected to three different levels of axle loadings at different locations. iv) A single 1m wide element of a 10m span x 2m rise arch which was backfilled with concrete. v) A single 1m wide element of a 15m span x 3m rise arch which was backfilled with lightweight concrete with a low cement content, Fig 3. Figure 3 Testing full scale 15m span „FlexiArch‟ The 15m span „FlexiArch‟ is probably one of the largest span arches ever tested in the UK. This has given great confidence to users of smaller spans and acted as a showcase for potential clients for longer spans. 4.2 Structural analysis of ‘FlexiArch’ Extensive use has been made of the ARCHIE software analysis system (ARCHIE), developed by Bill Harvey, which is widely used by industry. In parallel the Cardiff spreadsheet based arch analysis software (Hughes, 2002) developed by Tim Hughes at Cardiff University and the RING software developed at Sheffield University (RING) has been applied to selected systems. All three gave comparable results for „FlexiArch‟ with conventional backfill but the predicted strains/displacements have been found to be significantly higher than those measured in the relevant laboratory based model tests. The measured strains/displacement in the „FlexiArch‟ with concrete backfill, not unexpectedly, were very much lower than those predicted by the analysis procedures based on conventional backfill. All of these methods have also been found to give comparable predictions for horizontal and vertical reactions which are needed for the design of the footings. Relevant design charts for reactions are being developed for a range of span/rise ratios and spans. 167
Page 3:
Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
Page 6 and 7:
COST- the acronym for European COop
Page 9 and 10:
Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
Page 11 and 12:
Contents Sustainability of Construc
Page 13 and 14:
Sustainability of Constructions Int
Page 15 and 16:
1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
Page 17 and 18:
Sustainability of Construction Stru
Page 19 and 20:
WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
Page 21 and 22:
In the context of the Action a comp
Page 23 and 24:
ia. (“Politehnica” University o
Page 25:
- Introduction to the aims and obje
Page 29 and 30:
The Role of Environmental Assessmen
Page 31 and 32:
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
Page 33 and 34:
process is used to facilitate the e
Page 35 and 36:
With assistance of information tech
Page 37 and 38:
Building Sustainability Assessment:
Page 39 and 40:
• To improved reliability through
Page 41 and 42:
Table 2. Parameters declared in the
Page 43 and 44:
From the outputs of this building s
Page 45 and 46:
Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48:
2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50:
Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51:
REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56:
Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60:
espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62:
Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64:
nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66:
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68:
Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73:
Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75:
On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77:
Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79:
As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81:
1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83:
• Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85:
4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87:
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90:
The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92:
Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94:
Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98:
IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101:
Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105:
the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107:
for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109:
stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111:
1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113:
1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115:
• Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117:
REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
Page 118 and 119:
to the production of the specific u
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123:
The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125:
3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
Page 126 and 127:
GWL these uses are separated while
Page 128 and 129: Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
Page 136 and 137: placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
Page 138 and 139: In the table, when the simulation p
Page 140 and 141: estimate the output of the panels i
Page 142 and 143: plan. The aim of this kind of chang
Page 144 and 145: First (front) group (zone) Second (
Page 146 and 147: predicted, illustrated and listened
Page 148 and 149: Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
Page 150 and 151: 138
Page 152 and 153: 140
Page 154 and 155: 2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
Page 156 and 157: Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
Page 158 and 159: Figure 5: The results of the survey
Page 160 and 161: 1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
Page 162 and 163: 3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
Page 164 and 165: tween this bridge and a reinforced
Page 166 and 167: The construction sequence assumed f
Page 168 and 169: Agency life cycle costs (present va
Page 170 and 171: Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
Page 172 and 173: Figure 5: system boundaries for the
Page 174 and 175: 162
Page 176 and 177: the construction of these bridges.
Page 180 and 181: As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
Page 182 and 183: Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
Page 184 and 185: FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
Page 186 and 187: Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
Page 190 and 191: 2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
Page 192 and 193: The results of pairwise comparisons
Page 194 and 195: with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
Page 196 and 197: Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
Page 198 and 199: As far as the problem of the constr
Page 200 and 201: timber connection with appropriate
Page 202 and 203: Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
Page 204 and 205: 192
Page 206 and 207: a building this gives a prime excus
Page 208 and 209: Lack of past investment in the main
Page 210 and 211: 2.3 Methodology The research will b
Page 212: 200
show all

Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?