Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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placed over the sun-path-diagram with the orientation of the building (0º at the lower part of the mask should show the orientation of the building). For example, if the orientation is 0, this means that the facade faces south. The observer stands at the center. In the upper half of the mask, the altitude angles of the sun are shown with 10º increments. The lower half of the mask is divided into pieces with arcs having 10º increments again, but these represent the shading projection of the sun-controllers on the facade over the window. The mask is used according to which value is searched. For example 80º curve in the lower part shows the shading projection of the shadowing device which has a profile angle normal to the facade of 80º (this means that the angle with the facade is 10°). Figure 1. The bioclimatic graphic (Olgyay&Olgyay, 1973, p.22) Figure 2. Sun-path-diagram for Izmir with the overheated and underheated periods (Altin, 2005) Figure 3. The Mask (Altin, 2005) 124
3 USE OF SIMULATION PROGRAM PVSYST V3.3 The second stage of the proposed method is using the simulation program PVSYST V3.3 to find the optimum tilt angle for the previously determined optimum orientation. There are several simulation programs that are used for simulating energy use or production of buildings. The most accepted one of them throughout the world is PVSYST. PVSYST V3.3 is a PC software package for the study, sizing and data analysis of complete PV systems. It deals with gridconnected, stand-alone and DC-grid (public transport) PV systems, and includes extensive meteo and PV systems components databases, as well as general solar energy tools. This software is geared to the needs of architects, engineers, researchers. It is also very helpful for educational training. (WEB_1, 2004) Therefore it is used for the simulation of the BIPV modules. There are different versions of the program. Version V3.3 is used in this study. The pre-sizing function of the PVSYST V3.3 program is used to find out how much energy could be produced in the city in question at which orientation and tilt angles with the increment of 5º of angles. The pre-sizing is done for any building that is grid connected or not grid connected. 55 Watts monocrystalline silicon PV panels can be used for the pre-sizing due to the fact that their power is the mostly preferred PV panel power. They are being used as facade elements which are ventilated due to the fact that they are “shadowing-solar control elements”. The tilt and azimuth angles are changed at every step. The results for this simulation will be shown in a table. These are the annual system output results and are given in units of kWh. The maximum electricity production is going to be determined in this table and it is going to be accepted as 100%. The percentages of all the orientations and tilt angles are calculated and shown in the table with different colors with 5% increments (e.g. 100%, 95%, 90%, etc.). This is done for Izmir as an example of 1m 2 of PV panel area and the results are shown in Figure 4. Another use of this table is the defining of the maximum output for a given orientation. For example, if the orientation of a building is different than the optimum orientation, and PV-solar shading devices are going to be integrated to this building, then the maximum output of this system can be determined from this table, at the orientation row which belongs to the building‟s orientation. Figure 4. Pre-sizing results for all possible orientations in Izmir for all tilt angles (for 1 m 2 PV panel area) (Altin, 2005) 125
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
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- Introduction to the aims and obje
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The Role of Environmental Assessmen
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
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process is used to facilitate the e
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With assistance of information tech
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Building Sustainability Assessment:
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• To improved reliability through
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Table 2. Parameters declared in the
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From the outputs of this building s
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Green Building Design Guideline İ.
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2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
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Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
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REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
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Structural, economic and environmen
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Figure 1. Types and sources of data
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espiratory inorganic substances and
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Table 3. CML results, exact values
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nario. That means, flows of the rec
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
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Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
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Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
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On the basis of previous conclusion
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Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
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As the experiments have shown, comp
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1) covered with patterned stainless
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• Energy: the operational energy
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4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113: 1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
Page 118 and 119: to the production of the specific u
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123: The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125: 3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
Page 126 and 127: GWL these uses are separated while
Page 128 and 129: Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
Page 138 and 139: In the table, when the simulation p
Page 140 and 141: estimate the output of the panels i
Page 142 and 143: plan. The aim of this kind of chang
Page 144 and 145: First (front) group (zone) Second (
Page 146 and 147: predicted, illustrated and listened
Page 148 and 149: Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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Page 154 and 155: 2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
Page 156 and 157: Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
Page 158 and 159: Figure 5: The results of the survey
Page 160 and 161: 1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
Page 162 and 163: 3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
Page 164 and 165: tween this bridge and a reinforced
Page 166 and 167: The construction sequence assumed f
Page 168 and 169: Agency life cycle costs (present va
Page 170 and 171: Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
Page 172 and 173: Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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Page 176 and 177: the construction of these bridges.
Page 178 and 179: Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
Page 180 and 181: As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
Page 182 and 183: Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
Page 184 and 185: FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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