Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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4.0 DISCUSSION World is now on the way towards a substantial change in its energy supply system, reflecting a new awareness of the limited availability of fossil fuel resources and of the inescapable environmental impact of the global growth in energy demand. This new energy paradigm is composed of numerous facets. Improving the efficiency of energy consumption through the introduction of energy saving techniques both in buildings (houses, offices) and in economic activities (manufacturing, agriculture) is essential for further reducing the energy intensity of the European economy. High energy prices are also speeding up the structural transformation of the European economy towards a more technological and service-based model…‖ (Document Sec,2007) Buildings account for the largest share of the total EU final energy consumption (42%) and produce about 35% of all greenhouse emissions (Sturges,2002) From an environmental point of view, the strategic importance of residential sector it was also remarked on the World Congress Clima 2007 in Rehva (Finland). On average, buildings in Europe account for 36% of the energy use: the residential sector accounts for 27,5% and the nonresidential for 8,7%. Buildings larger than 1000 m2 are responsible for about 158 Mt/a (22 %). Ecofys) has estimated that the main contributor to the total heating related CO2 emissions of 725 Mt/a from the EU building stock in 2002 is the residential sector (77%) while the remaining 23% originates from non-residential buildings. (Sturges,2002) Figure 1: Total Construction Output in Europe for the various sectors in 2005,Source: Euroconstruct. In the residential sector, single-family houses represent the largest group responsible for 60% of the total CO2 emissions equivalent to 435 Mt/a. (Document Sec,2007). For the reasons above construction sector has to act in a sustainable way by; • Maximising energy efficiency • Minimising waste • Maximising water efficiency • Optimising indoor air quality • Minimising embodied energy • Maximising the use of recycled materials 38
REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist periodical,2002/3 Ashby, M. F. , ―Materials and the Environment: Eco-Informed Material Choice‖, 2003 Davoudi,Simon,2001,Plannnning for sustainable waste management Document SEC (2007) 1730 – Commission of the European Communities. www.eurofound.eu.int). Edwards B and Hyett P , ―Rough Guide to Sustainability‖ , London: RIBA Companies Ltd, 2001. ESPON Project, 2007). APAT, Study for the development of European Ecolabel criteria for buildings, Product group definition August 2008 IWMB publication , Publication # 400-99-014 ,April 2000 Lechtenböhmer Stefan & Thomas, Stefan,2001, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, Energy, Brussels Natural ventilation ( allard, Francis,Natural Ventilation in buildings- A design handbook,2003,Paris Ludwig,Art, Create an oasis with grey water, 2006, Oasis Design, Nils Larsson (Personal contact) P.J. Littlefair, M.E. Aizlewood and A.B. Birtles, The performance of innovative daylighting systems , Renewable Energy ,Volume 5, Issues 5-8, August 1994, Pages 920-934 RICS, Design for Improved Solar Shading Control,2003,London Sobek, Werner 2005, The art of Engineering,Berlin,Birkhauser. Sturges, John, ―Towards sustainable construction materials for the new millennium‖,2002, Leeds Metropolitan University Yudelson,Jerry, ―Green Building Through Integrated Design‖,2006,New Jersey Waste Management: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues Series) by Jacqueline Vaughn (Hardcover - 15 Feb 2009 http://www.rics.org/site/scripts/documents_info.aspxcategoryID=236&documentID=477 T.R Naik, Gmoriconi , visited at 12nd of June 2010 http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/ visited at 16 th of June 2010 www.actionenergy.org.uk, visited at 14 th of August 2008 www.wernersobek.de, visited at 23 rd of May 2009 39
Page 3: Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
Page 6 and 7: COST- the acronym for European COop
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
Page 11 and 12: Contents Sustainability of Construc
Page 13 and 14: Sustainability of Constructions Int
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
Page 17 and 18: Sustainability of Construction Stru
Page 19 and 20: WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
Page 21 and 22: In the context of the Action a comp
Page 23 and 24: ia. (“Politehnica” University o
Page 25: - Introduction to the aims and obje
Page 29 and 30: The Role of Environmental Assessmen
Page 31 and 32: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
Page 33 and 34: process is used to facilitate the e
Page 35 and 36: With assistance of information tech
Page 37 and 38: Building Sustainability Assessment:
Page 39 and 40: • To improved reliability through
Page 41 and 42: Table 2. Parameters declared in the
Page 43 and 44: From the outputs of this building s
Page 45 and 46: Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101:
Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
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the future, the model will most lik
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for each of the potential solutions
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stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
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1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
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1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
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• Perceptions of End Users: Discu
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REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
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to the production of the specific u
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Figure 1. Proposals of different de
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The sustainable development of tran
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3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
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GWL these uses are separated while
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Energy consumption for heating, kWh
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Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
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REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
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Facades form the biggest part of th
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placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
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In the table, when the simulation p
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estimate the output of the panels i
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plan. The aim of this kind of chang
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First (front) group (zone) Second (
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predicted, illustrated and listened
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Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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138
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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200
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