Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

nario. That means, flows of the recycled material will be taken as input in the production
process of the next product.
2. The following transport distances are included:
- Transport of raw materials from extraction/supplier to manufacturer.
- Transport of steel products from steel mill to wholesaler (average distance estimated
to 900 km)
- Transport of steel products from wholesaler to manufacturer of steel frames (average
distance estimated to 100 km)
- Transport of building products from manufacturer to building site (average distance
estimated to 400 km)
- Transport from building site to recycling/incineration and land fill (average distance
estimated to 50 km)
Transport data is based on The Norwegian Emission Inventory (SFT - Norwegian
Pollution Control Authority, February 2000).
3. Data on energy consumption on the building site is based on information given by
Contiga AS.
4. The column does not need any mechanical maintenance during the use phase. Average
service life of the paint is expected to be 60 years. This is based on that the loss
of paint will be 1,3 μm a year (Corrosion category C1 2 ) and that the minimum thickness
of the paint will be between 80 and 120 μm. The building frame structure will
not be painted during the service life of the building (60 years). The steel products
will have no impact on the indoor environment.
5. Energy consumption on demolition is assumed to be the same as for the building site.
6. The use/maintenance phase and the demolition phase are based on a typical scenario
for the product. End of life scenario is included in LCI data for the steel products and
is based on a recovery rate (RR) of 96 %. Recovery rate is the fraction of steel recovered
as scrap during one life cycle of a steel product. The flows of the recycled material
will then become inputs into the production of the next product.
According to TIBNOR AB (TIBNOR 2009), a Swedish company which sells steel long products,
the column costs 16.65 SEK/kg which is approximately 49 Euro for the complete column.
Costs after the factory gate are the building site specific.
Table 4. Energy resources
Unit
Raw
materials
Manufact. +
packaging
Building
site
Demolition
/Disposal
Transport
Renewable energy
Hydro power MJ 2,20E+02 6,25E+01 2,83E+02
Bio energy MJ 2,02E-01 2,02E-01
Non-renewable energy
Oil MJ 4,46E+01 1,76E+01 1,07E+01 1,07E+01 2,20E+01 1,06E+02
Gas MJ 1,04E+02 6,25E+00 1,10E+02
Coal MJ 1,55E+02 7,14E-01 1,55E+02
Nuclear power MJ 4,46E+00 1,52E+00 5,98E+00
Other energy MJ 6,25E+01 3,57E-01 6,28E+01
Total 7,23E+02
Total
Table 4 represents the amount of energy which is used during one life cycle. It is equal to 723
MJ. Around 82 % of the total amount of used energy is needed in the process phase “raw materials”
(see Figure 5).
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