Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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As far as analysis of the „FlexiArch‟ system with concrete backfill is concerned some developmental work has been done at Queen‟s University using a non-linear finite element analysis program. This approach has been found to give much improved correlation especially where concrete backfill was used. 5. EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM COMPLETED‟FLEXIARCH‟ BRIDGES A total of 15 bridges have been built to date but only the following will be highlighted: • Mallusk, Co. Antrim 4m span x 1.4 rise x 13m wide. Bridge to carry lorries over a drainage channel in a commercial site. • Three Cycle/foot bridges over a stream at Newtownabbey; 10m span x 2m rise x 2m wide. Spandrel walls have a concrete finish. • Tievenameena, 5m span x 2m rise x 8m wide. Road bridge across mountain stream in Co. Tyrone to DRD Roads Service standards. Precast concrete spandrel walls clad with stone. • Two replacement bridges, Escot Estate, Devon, 6.5m span x 2m rise x 6m wide. Carrying estate road over river. Precast concrete spandrel walls clad in reclaimed brick. • Merthyr-Tydfil South Wales, 9m span x 2.5m rise x 3m wide. Bridge carrying Taff Trail (cycling/footpath) over a stream Further information on these and other bridges is available on the Macrete website www.macrete.com under „FlexiArch‟. Overall the experience gained from manufacturing, transporting and installing these bridges has been extremely beneficial to the development of the „FlexiArch‟ system. The following specific aspects are highlighted: 1) Improvements in the manufacture of precision moulds have resulted in the achievement of closer tolerances for the span/rise ratios for a range of „FlexiArch‟ systems. 2) Lifting onto the lorries, transportation to site and installation onto precast sill beams has proven to be simple and no unforeseen problems have arisen. 3) Installation of individual „FlexiArch‟ elements can be carried out in less than 15 minutes and the watercourse is not disturbed (as would be the case with a box culvert). 4) Once in position the polymeric reinforcement helps stabilise the geometry of the „FlexiArch‟ during backfilling. 5) Procedures for installation of the spandrel wall and resisting the pressure induced by the concrete backfill have been found to be effective. 6) Once contractors, designers and clients have observed the installation of a „FlexiArch‟ they have become even more favourably disposed to the system. When this experience is combined with the competitive cost, aesthetics, durability and sustainability of the „FlexiArch‟ system, its potential for widespread use within the construction industry will be further enhanced. 168
6. FUTURE TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS Now that the „FlexiArch‟ system has been found to perform exceptionally well for spans ranging from 4m to 15m with different span/rise ratios the following, which could widen its potential market, are being considered: a) Increasing the maximum span to 20m (or possible higher). b) Adapting the „FlexiArch‟ system for skew arch bridges with angles of skew up to 30 o . Standard voussoirs can be utilised and a 5m span x 2m rise x 3m wide system will be tested shortly. c) Altering the geometry of the arch from a segment of a circle, which has been utilised to date, to include pseudo elliptical, made up of a combination of circular profiles. Develop method statements for the use of „FlexiArch‟ units for: i) Widening an existing masonry arch bridge ii) Replacement of multi-span arch bridges where the abutments and piers are still sound. Here the „FlexiArch‟ units 1m wide minimise the lateral forces on the piers during construction (Fig. 4). Figure 4 Installation sequence for three span bridge iii) Strengthening existing masonry arch or beam and slab bridges which are showing signs of distress. Here „FlexiArch‟ units could be slid along new sill beams underneath the existing arch with the space between being filled with a material such as 'Uretek‟ or lightweight foamed concrete. 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS In summary the „FlexiArch‟ has been found to have the following advantages over alternative systems: • Precise arch geometry without the need for centring. • Speed of assembly/installation on site • Minimal disruption to waterway (environmental benefit) or to rail track (safety) • Exceptional durability as no corrodible reinforcement • Can readily be adapted to produce psuedo elliptical or skew arches to meet the requirements for specific projects/clients. • Modest initial costs but minimum total life cycle cost (Fig 5). 169
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
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- Introduction to the aims and obje
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The Role of Environmental Assessmen
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
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process is used to facilitate the e
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With assistance of information tech
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Building Sustainability Assessment:
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• To improved reliability through
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Table 2. Parameters declared in the
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From the outputs of this building s
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Green Building Design Guideline İ.
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2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
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Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
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REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
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Structural, economic and environmen
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Figure 1. Types and sources of data
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espiratory inorganic substances and
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Table 3. CML results, exact values
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nario. That means, flows of the rec
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
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Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
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Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
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On the basis of previous conclusion
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Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
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As the experiments have shown, comp
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1) covered with patterned stainless
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• Energy: the operational energy
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4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
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6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
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The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
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Table 2: Geometric properties of th
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Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
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Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
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IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
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Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
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Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
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the future, the model will most lik
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for each of the potential solutions
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stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
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1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
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1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
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• Perceptions of End Users: Discu
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REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
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to the production of the specific u
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Figure 1. Proposals of different de
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The sustainable development of tran
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3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
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GWL these uses are separated while
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Energy consumption for heating, kWh
Page 130 and 131: Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
Page 132 and 133: REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
Page 134 and 135: Facades form the biggest part of th
Page 136 and 137: placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
Page 138 and 139: In the table, when the simulation p
Page 140 and 141: estimate the output of the panels i
Page 142 and 143: plan. The aim of this kind of chang
Page 144 and 145: First (front) group (zone) Second (
Page 146 and 147: predicted, illustrated and listened
Page 148 and 149: Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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Page 154 and 155: 2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
Page 156 and 157: Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
Page 158 and 159: Figure 5: The results of the survey
Page 160 and 161: 1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
Page 162 and 163: 3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
Page 164 and 165: tween this bridge and a reinforced
Page 166 and 167: The construction sequence assumed f
Page 168 and 169: Agency life cycle costs (present va
Page 170 and 171: Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
Page 172 and 173: Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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Page 176 and 177: the construction of these bridges.
Page 178 and 179: Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
Page 182 and 183: Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
Page 184 and 185: FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
Page 186 and 187: Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
Page 190 and 191: 2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
Page 192 and 193: The results of pairwise comparisons
Page 194 and 195: with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
Page 196 and 197: Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
Page 198 and 199: As far as the problem of the constr
Page 200 and 201: timber connection with appropriate
Page 202 and 203: Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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Page 206 and 207: a building this gives a prime excus
Page 208 and 209: Lack of past investment in the main
Page 210 and 211: 2.3 Methodology The research will b
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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