Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p of composite column) Cement 2,6818 kg Aggregate 14,2289 kg Concrete 0,0077 m 3 Steel 6,9683kg Total Emission to air (g) CO 11.2723 0.0494 0.0055 159.0860 170.41 NO x 6.1120 0.2217 0.1013 20.4087 26.84 SO x 9.7805 0.0775 0.7567 20.7439 31.36 CH 4 2.6892 0.0184 0.0033 30.1363 32.85 CO 2 2309.584 19.6064 43.6615 9483.840 11.856.69 N 2 O 0.0020 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.00 HCl 0.1818 0.0000 0.0205 0.4387 0.64 HC 0.0016 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.00 NMVOC 0.0931 0.0056 0.0005 4.4528 4.55 particles 1.9094 0.0207 0.0919 29.0929 31.11 Table 7. Impact categories per FU (1p of RC column) Impact category GWP-100 g CO2-eq./g EP g PO4-3-eq./g AP g SO2-eq./g Cement 4728.729 0.867 15.519 0.415 Aggregate 99.322 0.031 0.254 0.002 Concrete 83.133 0.014 0.923 0.000 Steel 3536.893 0.560 7.470 1.118 Total 8448.076 1.473 24.166 1.535 POCP g C2H4-eq./g Table 8. Impact categories per FU (1p of composite column) Impact GWP-100 EP AP POCP category g CO 2 -eq./g g PO -3 4 -eq./g g SO 2 -eq./g g C 2 H 4 -eq./g Cement 4,332.664 0.795 14.219 0.380 Aggregate 91.003 0.029 0.233 0.002 Concrete 76.170 0.013 0.846 0.000 Steel 16,768.037 2.653 35.416 5.302 Total 21,267.874 3.490 50.713 5.684 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The following figures show the comparison of contributions of various phases in life-cycle to studied impact categories, depending on type of column. 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 GWP-100 gCO 2 -eq./g Cement Aggregate Concrete Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Composite Column Figure 5. Contribution of life-cycle phases to global warming potential 64
3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 EP g PO 4 -3 -eq./g Cement Aggregate Concrete Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Composite Column Figure 6. Contribution of life-cycle phases to eutrophication potential 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 AP g SO 2 -eq./g Cement Aggregate Concrete Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Composite Column Figure 7. Contribution of life-cycle phases to acidification potential 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 POCP g C 2 H 4 -eq./g Cement Aggregate Concrete Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Composite Column Figure 8. Contribution of life-cycle phases to photochemical ozone creation potential 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Reinforced Concrete Column Composite Column 0 GWP-100 EP AP POCP Figure 9. Contribution of normal column to impact categories compared to composite column The production of steel is the main contributor to all studied impact categories. Comparing contributions of two analyzed types of columns, it can be noticed that composite columns have approximately two and one-half times higher impact to GWP and EP, two times higher to AP and four and one-half times higher impact on POCP then normal columns. Such a large difference in the impacts can be attributed to five times greater amount of used steel. 65
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
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COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
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Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
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Sustainability of Construction Stru
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WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
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In the context of the Action a comp
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ia. (“Politehnica” University o
Page 25: - Introduction to the aims and obje
Page 29 and 30: The Role of Environmental Assessmen
Page 31 and 32: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
Page 33 and 34: process is used to facilitate the e
Page 35 and 36: With assistance of information tech
Page 37 and 38: Building Sustainability Assessment:
Page 39 and 40: • To improved reliability through
Page 41 and 42: Table 2. Parameters declared in the
Page 43 and 44: From the outputs of this building s
Page 45 and 46: Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51: REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67 and 68: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 69: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technic
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113: 1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
Page 118 and 119: to the production of the specific u
Page 120 and 121: Figure 1. Proposals of different de
Page 122 and 123: The sustainable development of tran
Page 124 and 125: 3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
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GWL these uses are separated while
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Energy consumption for heating, kWh
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Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
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REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
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Facades form the biggest part of th
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placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
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In the table, when the simulation p
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estimate the output of the panels i
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plan. The aim of this kind of chang
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First (front) group (zone) Second (
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predicted, illustrated and listened
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Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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138
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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