Sustainable Construction A Life Cycle Approach in Engineering

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However, the considered column resistance, 380 kN, is rather low for the design of effective concrete alternative. The expected load-bearing capacity in the case of HPC and UHPC is significantly higher than in preset requirements defined for this study. The evident advantages of the use of high performance concrete would be more significant in the case of higher loads. 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS First outcomes of a LCA for fibre reinforced wood profiles have been presented. They are mostly based on sophisticated data from the well-known ecoinvent database. With the results from life cycle impact analysis environmentally sound process engineering can be developed. Two impact assessment methods have been applied whereas CML method seems to be more applicable for comparisons between products. For the steel and concrete alternatives published references were used. The preliminary study of the simple column design considering alternative solutions, three main building materials, considering environmental impact of the structural element illustrates importance and problems associated with this approach. The main conclusions are: More efforts should be put in the synchronization of the system boundaries for all alternative solutions. With the existing knowledge and tools available it is possible to define the best environmental and economical solution for a very specific building site conditions. However, these two separate criteria may be satisfied by different material solutions. It is important that design for the life time become the accepted approach despite of problems that are rather obvious. This will improve environmental awareness and certainly open new possibilities for innovative solutions in construction sector, increasing variety of material choices and structural solutions. Comparable results of the analysis of three building materials are show in Table 10. Table 10. Comparison of basic categories of the environmental impact for alternative building materials Building material Performance Unit Timber (fibre reinforced) Steel RC hollow core weight kg 28.2 29.75 154.5 energy MJ 140.7 723 328.8 climate change kg CO 2 equiv. 0.40 32.2 32.5 acidification kg SO 2 equiv. 0.19 0.12 0.13 56
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors from Technical University, Dresden, would like to thank to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF - Project-Nr. 0330722A) for the financial support of research. A part of the paper regarding the concrete as a possible structural material has been achieved with the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, project No. 1M0579, within activities of the CIDEAS research centre and support of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic Grant Project N. 103/07/0400. All supports are gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES CIB. 1999. Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction. CIB Report Publication 237, Rotterdam. DGfH / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung (eds.) 2001: Ökobilanzen Holz. EN 1993-1-1. 2005. Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. EN 10210. 2006. Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. Goedkoop, M. & de Schryver, A. & Oele, M. 2007. Introduction to LCA with SimaPro. Hájek, P. & Fiala, C. 2008. Environmentally optimized floor slab using UHPC – contribution to sustainable building. In Proc. of UHPC Conf. Kassel 2008, Germany, p. 879-886. Haller, P. 2007. From tree trunk to tube or the quadrature of the circle. In: Braganca et al. (Eds.) 2007. Sustainability of Constructions (Proceedings of Workshop), Portugal, p.2.29 – 2.35. Heiduschke, A. & Cabrero, J. M. & Manthey, C. & Haller, P. & Guenther, E. 2008. Mechanical Behavior and Life Cycle Assessment of Fibre-Reinforced Timber Profiles. In: Braganca et al. (eds): Sustainability of Constructions. COST Action C25. Proceedings of Seminar, 3.38, Dresden. Hunkeler, D. & Rebitzer, G. & Lichenvort, K. (eds.). 2008. Environmental Life Cycle Costing. CRC Press; SETAC, Pensacola, Florida. ISO 14040. 2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework ISO 14044. 2006. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium ISO 14025. 2006. Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and procedures. ISO 21930. 2007. Sustainability in building construction – Environmental declaration of building products. Rebitzer, G. & Hunkeler, D. 2003. International Journal for Life Cycle Assessment 5(8): p.254[ Schießl, P. & Stengel, T. 2007. Der kumulierte Energieaufwand ausgewählter Baustoffe für die ökologische Bewertung von Betonbauteilen. Wissenschaftl. Kurzbericht Nr.13. Schmidt, M. & Teichmann, T. 2007. Ultra-high-performance concrete: Basis for sustainable structures. In Proc. of CESB07 Prague, p. 83-88. SINTEF Building and Infrastructure. 2007a. Environmental Declaration of steel products for the Norwegian Steel Association and Contiga AS. Assignment Report. SINTEF Building and Infrastructure. 2007b. Steel structures of hot finished structural hollow sections (HFSHS). Environmental declaration ISO 14025 and ISO 21930. Tech, T. & Bodden, P. & Albert, J. 2003. Rationelle Energienutzung im Holzbe- und verarbeitenden Gewerbe. Braunschweig: Vieweg. TIBNOR AB. 2009. http://www.tibnor.se , last visit: 2009-09-10. Waltjen, T. 2008. Passivhaus-Bauteilkatalog 2008 – Ökologisch bewertete Konstruktionen. Springer- Verlag. Wien, Austria. Werner, F. & Richter, K. 2007. Wooden building products in comparative LCA. In:International Journal for Life Cycle Assessment (12) 7, p.470-479. Woodward, D.G. 1997. International Journal of Project Management 15(6): p.335-344. www.bauteilkatalog.ch. 2007 57
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Sustainable Construction A Life Cyc
Page 6 and 7:
COST- the acronym for European COop
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Foreword The COST Action C25 "Susta
Page 11 and 12:
Contents Sustainability of Construc
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Sustainability of Constructions Int
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1.4 Raising the level of Sustainabl
Page 17 and 18: Sustainability of Construction Stru
Page 19 and 20: WP9 WP10 ‣ Verification methods f
Page 21 and 22: In the context of the Action a comp
Page 23 and 24: ia. (“Politehnica” University o
Page 25: - Introduction to the aims and obje
Page 29 and 30: The Role of Environmental Assessmen
Page 31 and 32: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BUILD
Page 33 and 34: process is used to facilitate the e
Page 35 and 36: With assistance of information tech
Page 37 and 38: Building Sustainability Assessment:
Page 39 and 40: • To improved reliability through
Page 41 and 42: Table 2. Parameters declared in the
Page 43 and 44: From the outputs of this building s
Page 45 and 46: Green Building Design Guideline İ.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.1. Solar shading Solar shading
Page 49 and 50: Use state-of-the-art irrigation con
Page 51: REFERENCES: Ayaz ,E. Mimarist perio
Page 55 and 56: Structural, economic and environmen
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1. Types and sources of data
Page 59 and 60: espiratory inorganic substances and
Page 61 and 62: Table 3. CML results, exact values
Page 63 and 64: nario. That means, flows of the rec
Page 65 and 66: 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Page 67: Alt. A Alt. B Figure 8. Alternative
Page 72 and 73: Load, kN The aim of this comparativ
Page 74 and 75: On the basis of previous conclusion
Page 76 and 77: Table 6. Inventory table per FU (1p
Page 78 and 79: As the experiments have shown, comp
Page 80 and 81: 1) covered with patterned stainless
Page 82 and 83: • Energy: the operational energy
Page 84 and 85: 4 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 4.1 Methodol
Page 86 and 87: 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT B. Rossi is suppo
Page 89 and 90: The potential use of Waste Tyre Fib
Page 91 and 92: Table 2: Geometric properties of th
Page 93 and 94: Table 3: Tensile Strength of shredd
Page 95 and 96: Figure 8: Compressive strength 28 d
Page 97 and 98: IFCC-2.0 IFCC-1.0 IFCC-1.5 Figure 1
Page 99 and 100: Figure 17: Toughness Index - Effect
Page 101: Laws of Malta. 2001. CAP 435 Enviro
Page 104 and 105: the future, the model will most lik
Page 106 and 107: for each of the potential solutions
Page 108 and 109: stavb. Magistrsko delo. Ljubljana,
Page 110 and 111: 1.2 UK Roadmap to Carbon Zero The U
Page 112 and 113: 1.5 Design Team Cabe, the governmen
Page 114 and 115: • Perceptions of End Users: Discu
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES BAILEY L, TOLMIE-THOMSON
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to the production of the specific u
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Figure 1. Proposals of different de
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The sustainable development of tran
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3.2 Bed Zed, UK Bed zed is a commun
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GWL these uses are separated while
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Energy consumption for heating, kWh
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Heat losses, MWh Heat losses, MWh t
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REFERENCES: Juodis, E. 2000. Energy
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Facades form the biggest part of th
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placed over the sun-path-diagram wi
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In the table, when the simulation p
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estimate the output of the panels i
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plan. The aim of this kind of chang
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First (front) group (zone) Second (
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predicted, illustrated and listened
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Figure 13 Evaluation of receiver po
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138
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140
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2 POSITIONING STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILIT
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Table 1: Building layers Envelope F
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Figure 5: The results of the survey
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1 INTRODUCTION Bridges are importan
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3 CONCLUSION This paper reviewed st
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tween this bridge and a reinforced
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The construction sequence assumed f
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Agency life cycle costs (present va
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Figure 3a: User’s life cycle cost
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Figure 5: system boundaries for the
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162
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the construction of these bridges.
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Figure 2a „Flat-Pack‟ arch syst
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As far as analysis of the „FlexiA
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Figure 5 Initial/whole life cycle c
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FLIR Systems 13.9 °C FLIR Systems
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Figure 2: NPV of costs in 60 year b
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REFERENCES 1. ATTMA - The Air Tight
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2 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING ME
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The results of pairwise comparisons
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with C i* =1 if A i =A * . 3 APPLIC
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Figure 4. Criteria taken into accou
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As far as the problem of the constr
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timber connection with appropriate
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Numerical simulations of ash pegs t
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192
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a building this gives a prime excus
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Lack of past investment in the main
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2.3 Methodology The research will b
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