REPORT - Search CIMMYT repository

More documents

Recommendations

Info

in Iu'nisia was brought about by the ;ntroduction of the high yielding, fertilizer responsive, semi-dwarf Mexican wheat varieties. These varieties were first tested on a large scale in 1967-68 and were found to be very well adapted to Tunisian growing conditions (climate, soil, etc.), especially under medium to high levels of fertility and proper management. In the fall of 1968, the Accelerated Cereals Production Program (ACPP) initiated a program, of fertilizer experimentation for the 1968-69 crop season. Several experiments were conducted with the major plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) in the northern wheat growing area of the country. Most of the work was concentrated in the Governorats of Beja, Kef, Tunis, Bizerte and Jendouba. Resulting wheat yields were relatively low in many regions due to abnormaly low rainfall and inadequate soil moisture reserves. Nitrogen response in those regions receiving less than 300 mm were, in general, insignificant. However, in the more favorable rainfall areas, I.e., 300 mm or more definite positive nitrogen responses were obtained. Encouraged by the results of our research efforts an expanded program of fertilizer experimentation was designed for the 1969-70 crop season. The main objective of the fertilizer research program is to determine as accurately as possible the optimum rates of the various fertilizer elements (N, Pi K) need~d for maximum production. Secondary objectives are to learn which of the various forms of fertilizers are the most efficient and economical to use, the best method of placement and the proper time of application. Soil type, preceeding crop, long-time average rainfall patterns, soil moisture reserves, varieties, etc. were some of the variables considered in designing meaningful and practical experiments to meet our objectives. Five types of fertilizer trials were implemented during the 1969-70 campaign. They include the following: 1. Rate and date of nitrogen application (RON). 2. Phosphate rates and method of placement with nitrogen (P 2 0 5 + nitrogen). 3. Comparison of three different sources of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and urea) at different rates. 4. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium at different rates (NPK). 5. Micro-element study. A total of 21 experiments were completed at 18 different locations in the aforementioned important wheat producing area of the country. The variety Inia 66 was used for all fertilizer trials. All fertilizer trials were cOrTducted on farmer fields. Whenever possible the production research and variety demonstration activities of the ACCP were conducted at the same site. This expedited implementation of experiments and made the use of limited equipment more efficient. Heavy rains in October before planting built up soil moisture reserves and set the stage for high yields this season. Subsequent rains in succeeding months, although somewhat less than the 50 year average, were sufficient in most areas for excellent yields. Most of the fertilizer trials showed a positive nitrogen response this season. The average yield for all trials at all locations was 32.9 qxjha. This is quite high when one considers the wide range of conditions and locations that these trials were conducted under. A 7.1 qxj ha average yield increase (39.2%) was obtained from the use of nitrogen for all experiments at the recommended rates as compared to the check. The yield increases from nitrogen usage ranged from 0 to 23.4 qxjha (0-308%) depending on the level of base fertility, preceeding crop and rainfall. In general, the larger nitrogen responses were obtained in the more favorable rainfall regions of the country. None of the seven phosphate trials showed any significant yield increases. Nor were there differences among rate or method of phosphate placement. Apparently there has been an accumulation of available phosphate due to relatively low grain yields the last few years. Also, many farmers have been applying phosphate annually for a number of years. It appears that farmers should continue this established phosphate fertilization program but must increase nitrogen utilization for maximum production. A yield increase and cost benefit ratio of 3:1 is normally necessary for farmers to readily adopt a new fertilizer practice. Considering the cost of ammonium nitrate as the source of nitrogen to the farmers in Tunisia, a cost ben~ efit ratio has been calculated for the 21 fertilizer trials given in Table W18 as follows: Cost Benefit Ratio value of increase (dinars/hectare) cost of fertilizer (dinars/hectare) 7.1 quintals/hectare x 4 D 200/quintal -----~------2.9 10 D 343' a) Refers to the cost of 77 kilos/ha of nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate on the field in Tunisia. 98
A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is considered exceptionally good for dryland agriculture. These fertilizer results should be used to encourage the Tunisian technicians and farmers to utilize more nitrogen in the future in order to increase their production and income. Breeding of New Varieties Results from the first crop year 1968-69 following initiation of the Tunisian Accelerated Cereal Production Project showed the varieties Inia and Tobari to be the best suited for commercial production from the standpoint of yield and general adaptation. Siete Cerros yields well in certain northern regions, however, its high susceptibility to Septoria necessarily limits production to the drier irrigated regions of the south. Distribution and cultivation of Penjamo and Tobari were encouraged during 1969-70 throughout the higher rainfall zones of the north to provide added protection against the threat of Septoria. Jaral has been eliminated from multiplication due to its extreme earliness causing extreme loss from bird damage. Although Inia continues to produce the highest average yields of all commercial varieties being grown, its susceptibility to mildew, Septoria and increasing prevalence of leaf rust will warrant replacement with new varieties as soon as possible. This year there were micro-yield trials, involving 115 bread and durum wheats from the breeding pTogram, distributed and evaluated in several locations in the major wheat growing regions of Tunisia. The outstanding lines in these tests combining good disease resistance and yields equivalent to or better than the best commercial variety Inia are listed in Table W19.. Outstading lines from these trials will be submitted to the production section for inclusion in the widely distributed varietal demonstrations during the coming year. The breeding gene pool was expanded this year with further introduction of lines and varieties from Mexico, Pakistan, India, U.S.A., Lebanon, Portugal and the Netherlands. The majority of the materials were segregating I1nes from the first three mentioned countries. Lines from the latter four countries were obtained for testing against specific diseases and insects. Approximately 5,000 lines of bread wheat in Screening and Observation Nurseries were tested at the National Institute of Agriculture adjacent to Tunis and also at Sou Salem Research Station 130 kilometers west of Tunis. The Sou Salem station is a good site for selection of resistance to Septoria and stripe rust. Tunis, being located on the sea, normally has good development of mildew as well as stem and leaf rust and thus facilitates selection. Development of diseases within the breeding nurseries are also encouraged with intermittent irrigations throughout the crop season using a sprinkler system. Table W20 lists the crosses within the Screening Nurseries that consistently looked good from the stand- TABLE W19. The 25 most promising bread wheat lines identified in yield tests conducted in Tunis during the 1969·70 season. Pedigree Yield qx/ha %~ Inia Inla ..... x Napo 63 22403·6M-4Y·l M·l Y·OM·OY 41.4 135.4 NDI02 x P4160"z·Son 64 19879·1T·1T·3T 40.2 131.4 (Son 64·Y50"z x Gto) Inl...... 23528·7M·1T·IMIY.OM.oy 38.3 125.2 NDI02 x P4160"z·$on 64 19879·1T·l K·7T.2T 3'.1 124.4 (Son 64·Y50"z x Gto) Inla ..... 23528·7M·lT·1 M-6y.oM.oy 38.0 123.8 12300 x Bz•. 21014-4M·3R·3M·1R 37.8 123.6 (Son 64-TzPP x Y54) (Son 64-Y50 z x Gto) 22346·39M·1Y.IR 37.0 120.9 Inla ..... x N.po 63 23398.1 OM· 1R.2M·l Y·l 37.0 120.9 TzPP·Son 64 x 12300 21364-13M·1Y·l M 36.7 119.8 Inia ..... x (Son 64-TzPP x Y54) 2239G-20M·9R·2M.2Y 36.7 119.' PI ..... (YT54 x N1G-B) 21/1C N68 36.1 117.7 Mentana x Thatcher x R_ard x Hope. Tim.teln x R_ard x Hope x Thatcher 35.8 117.1 Bb ..... 23584·26Y·2M·1Y·OM.oy 8b # 2 35.7 116.8 CIANO ..... x Inla 66 23941.14Y.2 35.5 116.1 Bluebird ..... 235.4-20M 35.4 115.7 Bluebird .....235.4-37Y·2M.2y.oM 35.1 114.7 Sonalike 35.0 114.2 CIANO x Inla 23959·32T·lM.3Y.OM 34.9 114.1 Bluebird ..... 23584-303M·IY·17M·Iy.oM·OY 34.8 113.6 LR ..... x HuaR HD1675 34.6 113.1 Bluebird ..... 23584-10OM·08-4M.OY 34.4 112.3 LR 64-P4160"E 33.9 110.7 Son 64 x KI. Rend (BT 2292) 19975·68Y·tJ·1Y·tJ·5Y·1T 33.6 109.6 Son 64 x KI. Rend (BT 2296) 19975-68Y·tJ·6Y·tJ·3Y 33.2 108.4 Inl. (Check) 30.6 100.0 99
Page 1 and 2:
REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6:
Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
Page 7 and 8:
WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction Throughout the develop
Page 11 and 12:
sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
Page 13:
Puebla can be readily transferred a
Page 16 and 17:
In support of these global efforts.
Page 18 and 19:
In the case of Opaque-2 populations
Page 20 and 21:
High Protein Quality Mutants from P
Page 22 and 23:
Quantitative Approach in Improving
Page 24 and 25:
BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
Page 26 and 27:
To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29:
During the past year, grain-to-stov
Page 30 and 31:
Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33:
A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35:
With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37:
Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
Page 38 and 39:
TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
Page 40 and 41:
ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43:
TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45:
Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47:
the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49:
A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 50 and 51: station produced seed of synthetics
Page 52 and 53: crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56: WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58: duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60: for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62: inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64: est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66: TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68: sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70: TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81 and 82: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 83 and 84: 21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,.."
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 103 and 104: denser stands resulting from improv
Page 105 and 106: seed needs for next year and for po
Page 107 and 108: TABLE W22. Effect ·of different ra
Page 109 and 110: TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lin
Page 111 and 112: to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114: which removed the leaves during the
Page 115: the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119: PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121: nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 122 and 123: pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization
Page 124 and 125: Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127: Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129: problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131: five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134: COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136: TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138: A third film on the Puebla Project
Page 139: SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
show all

REPORT - Search CIMMYT repository

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?