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The rainfall from October 1 to December 31 at Toulal and Moulay Jdriss was fairly high, but by no means unusual for these two areas. If nitrogen losses from preplant applications did occur under these rainfall conditions, this suggests the need to delay the application of nitrogen until plarlting time. However, this will represent a problem for farmers with large acreages who will find it difficult to simultaneously fertilize and plant all their wheat d(Jring the optimum planting period. Rainfall conditions in the central and southern areas of Morocco were quite different from those in the north. Adequate soil moisture during the winter months resulted in excellent early growth but lack of spring rains reduced the yield potential significantly. The nitrogen trial near Settat, normally a 350 mm rainfall area, received approximately 350 mm by January 31, but only 65 mm from that date until harvest. The cooperating farmers inadvertently irrigated two replications of the trial. Unirrigated yields averaged 17.6 Qx/ha with little response to rates of nitrogen higher than 40 kg/ha. The irrigated plots yielded an average of 36.7 Qx/ha with plots receiving 100 to 120 kg/ha of nitrogen producing 40 to 45 Qx/ha. Previous cropping history also influenced nitrogen response very significantly. The trial at Ras Tebouda (Fez), in an area of heavy early rainfall but on a well-drained slope, was planted following a gre~n manure crop and yielding more than 50 Qx/ha without response to nitrogen. A previous crop of sugar beets at Sidi Kacem had a similar, although somewhat smaller, effect on yield and nitrogen response. Trials in the drier central region showed a similar response to nitrogen fertilization. The two trials seeded in January at Ben Ahmed and Khourigba ran out of moisture before maturity. Nevertheless the latter, planted following wheat, showed a nitrogen response, while the former, after fallow, also produced a higher yield (26 Qx/ha vs. 22 Qx/ha). Varietal Improvement It has become clear after two years of experimental work that Morocco offers an unusually favorable set of climatic conditions for the development of high-yielding, disease and insect-resistant varieties of spring wheats. It is an ideal location for expanding both the spectrum and depth of disease resistance of the so-called Mexican type dwarf bread and durum varieties. Septoria sp., mildew and all three rusts of wheat occur in Morocco. With the proper modification of the <strong>CIMMYT</strong> gene pool and a wise choice of nursery sites for identifying lines with a wide range of disease resistance it should be possible to rapidly 'develop varieties which combine resistance to all of these diseases. Morocco also offers a unique challenge in breeding for insect resistance. Within the country, Hessian fly (Phytophagus destructor) sawfly (Cephus pugmaeus and C. cinctus), cereal leaf beetle (Ou/ema sp.), and stem maggot (Meromyza sp.) occur endemically. Several of these insects, especially the Hessian fly and saWfly reach levels of severe infestation over large areas nearly every year. If a proper selection of nursery sites is made, it should therefore be possible to develop varieties with a combined broad spectrum of resistance to both diseases and insects. Such an accomplishment would not only be valuable to Morocco and to neighboring North African countries, but would also be valuable in many parts of the world. During the past season for the first time breeding nurseries under the supervision of Dr. Aristeo Acosta were grown at four locations, namely Merchouch, Sidi Kacem, Fez and EI Gara. A wide range of genetic material, mostly from <strong>CIMMYT</strong>, ranging from F 2 to fixed lines and yield tests were included in these nurseries. Despite many difficulties such as the shortage of technical assistance and the late planting of the nurseries, much valuable data was obtained and many potentially valuable selections were made. Despite the long dry period from mid-Jannuary through March, sufficient Septoria and leaf rust developed to permit effective selection. Severe infestations of the Hessian fly, sawfly and to a lesser extent stem maggot, occurred in all nurseries, but conditions for selection at Merchouch were particularly favorable. At this nursery site the percentage of tillers attacked ranged from traces up to 50 percent. Frequently both Hessian fly and sawfly were present in the same tiller. The most promising lines and varieties identified in the Merchouch nursery from both a grain yield and insect-resistance standpoint are indicated in Table W24. It should be pointed out that many lines in this nursery exhibited 40 to 50 percent of insect damage. Sawfly and Hessian fly were both important, but more of the damage at Merchouch was caused by the former. It became apparent in this nursery, where Siete Cerros appeared frequently as a check, that this variety possesses a considerable degree of resistance to sawfly. It was frequently found 106
TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lines in the Experimental Plots at Merchouch, Morocco, 1969·70. Variety number 1969-70 °718 800 753 °706 °861 630 1085 °731 1234 °11 09 "1003 649 700 ° 1223 1237 °737 °937 °739 645 908 Variety or Cross Pedigree Insect Grain yield damage % of tillers kg/ha % of attecked' Siete Cerros Jar 66 x CIANO "5" 25067·32M·2Y·1M·1Y·OM 10 3993 126 CIANO x SON. 64·KI. Rend./8156 23584·102Y·4M·lT·4M·l Y·OM 5 3940 125 TOB. 66 x CIANO "5" 24908·30M·6Y·l M·2Y·OM 5 3913 124 TOB. 66 x CIANO "5" 24908·26M·2Y·3M·l Y·OM 15 3860 123 TOB. 66 x CIANO "'5" 24908·11 M·2T-8M·3T·OM 10 3820 121 INIA 66 10 3780 120 Bluebird # 2 (White) = Yecora 70 10 3747 119 TOB. 66 x CIANO "5" 25000·26M·1Y·1M·3Y·OM 5 3707 118 PENJAMO 62 10 3700 117 23584/CIANO x NAD·Chris 28110·25Y·OM 15 3653 116 CIANO "5" x INIA "5" 23959.27T-4M·5Y·OM Tr. 3667 116 CIANO·JAR x 23584 25913·20Y·2M·6Y·OM 5 3680 116 NO "5" x CIANO "5" 24941·13M·3Y·1M·2Y·1M 15 3633 115 23584 x CIANO "5" 26572·61 Y·3M·OY 15 3600 114 LR 64-S0N. 64 x NAPO/CIANO 28036·63M·OY 5 3500 111 CIANO "5" x PJ 62 25093·30M·1T·2M·1Y·OM 10 3460 110 23584 x INIA 66 26591·3T·1M·5Y·OM 5 3407 108 CIANO "S".Crespo 25341.4M·1T·l0M·l Y·OM 5 3340 106 Bluebird # 2 (Red) 5 3260 103 °SIETE CERROS Tr. 3147 100 908 (Local Check) 10·15 1963 63 ° Good agronomic type. 'Combined damage of sawfly and Hessian fly. standing with only a few fallen tillers, whereas adjacent rows of susceptible lines had 30 to 50 percent of fallen (broken) tillers. The most promising lines and varieties identified in the trial at Merchouch, are shown in Table W24. Summer Nurseries Two summer nursery plantings have been made recently. More than 1,500 Fa and F4 lines were sown under irrigation at Announceur, at an altit'lJde of 1,400 meters. A second increase nursery was sown at Almis de Gigou, at an elevation of 1,600 meters. The materials included in this planting are those that showed most promise in either small plots and/or yield tests during the 1969 70 cycle. Morever, since an adequate site for summer nursery plantings is not available in Tunisia, one of the promising dwarf durum lines from the Tunisian and Mexican breeding programs is also being multiplied in this nursery. AFGHANISTAN Wheat is the principal agricultural crop of Afghanistan. It is the mainstay of the economy. It covers an acreage of 2.3 million hectares, 1.3 under irrigation and 1.0 on dryland. Before 1966, production was estimated to be about 2.3 million tons with production of 1,300 kg/ha under irrigation and 432 kg/ha on dryland. Consumption exceeded production by 272,000 tons. In 1964, H.M.G. of Afghanistan entered into an agreement with the United States Agency for International Development as an Accelerated Wheat Improvement and Production Program. A number of experiment stations and SUb-stations were developed where variety and agronomic trials are conducted. By 1968, the varieties Kenya-Mentana, Vilofen, Lerma Rojo 64A, Justin, Tascosa, UN 639, Indus 66 and Mexipak 65 were identified and released as superior varieties. Through the use of improved varieties, cultural practices and greater use of fertilizers, average production on irrigated land rose to 2,800 kg/ha. Individual fields reached 5,600 kg/ha. By the 1968-69 season, the new varieties were grown on 200,000 hectares. Estimates for 1969-70 are somewhat variable. One estimate was 2~5,OOO ha, but judging from the amount of seed distributed the acreage could reach 600,000 hectares. Dryland wheat is grown in the northern and central parts of the country, irrigated wheat in the river valleys. The largest irrigation scheme is located in the Helmand Valley of the southwest. Currently, another major system is being developed in the Koh Daman Valley, north of Kabul, in collaboration with the Government of the People's Republic of China. When completed, this scheme will provide an assured water supply to this valley, 107
Page 1 and 2:
REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6:
Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
Page 7 and 8:
WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction Throughout the develop
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sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
Page 13:
Puebla can be readily transferred a
Page 16 and 17:
In support of these global efforts.
Page 18 and 19:
In the case of Opaque-2 populations
Page 20 and 21:
High Protein Quality Mutants from P
Page 22 and 23:
Quantitative Approach in Improving
Page 24 and 25:
BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
Page 26 and 27:
To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29:
During the past year, grain-to-stov
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Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33:
A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35:
With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37:
Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
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TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
Page 40 and 41:
ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43:
TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45:
Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47:
the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49:
A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 50 and 51:
station produced seed of synthetics
Page 52 and 53:
crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56:
WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58: duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60: for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62: inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64: est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66: TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68: sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70: TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81 and 82: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 83 and 84: 21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,.."
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99 and 100: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 101 and 102: A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is
Page 103 and 104: denser stands resulting from improv
Page 105 and 106: seed needs for next year and for po
Page 107: TABLE W22. Effect ·of different ra
Page 111 and 112: to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114: which removed the leaves during the
Page 115: the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119: PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121: nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 122 and 123: pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization
Page 124 and 125: Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127: Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129: problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131: five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134: COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136: TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138: A third film on the Puebla Project
Page 139: SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
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