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pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization increased the nitrogen percentage in the leaf from 2.59 percent to 4.24 percent at 67 days; from 1.91 percent to 3.76 percent at 95 days; and from 0.69 percent to 1.49 percent at 126 days. The phosphorus percentage in wheat tissue was decreased by nitrogen fertilization at all sampling dates, except for the spike at 67. days. The major reduction in the phosphorus percentage occurred with the application of 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The 200 kgjha rate reduced the phosphorus percentage in the stem from 0.30 percent to 0.20 percent at 67 days, from 0.20 percent to 0.08 percent at 95 days, and from 0.18 percent to 0.03 percent at 126 days. The phosphorus percentages in the grain at maturity were 0.34 percent, 0.32 percent and 0.29 percent, with the application of 0, 100, and 200 kgjha of nitrogen, respectively. The potassium percentage in wheat tissue was increased by nitrogen fertilization at all sampling dates, except for the grain at 95 and 126 days. The application of 400 kg of nitrogen per hectare increased the potassium percentage of the stem from 3.27 percent to 4.73 percent at 67 days, from 1.58 percent to 2.89 percent at 95 days, and from 1.73 percent to 2.46 percent at 126 days. The potassium percentage of the grain at maturity was 0.58 percent, 0.46 percent and 0.40 percent, with the application of 0, 200, and 400 kgjha of nitrogen, respectively. The nutrient contents of the aerial portion of the wheat plant as a function of time are shown in Fig. 3, with the relationships describing a sigmoid-type curve. These data are average values for INIA and CIANO wheat fertilized with 400 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Maximum uptake rate occurred just before and just after. heading. Apparently, nutrient uptake continued until the wheat was about 100 days old. At lower rates of nitrogen fertilization, the nutr'ient uptake-time curves were more nearly logarithmic than sigmoidal. Total nitrogen uptake by the wheat plant was increased from 22.5 kgjha in unfertilized wheat to 203.2 kgjha in wheat fertilized with 400 kgjha of nitrogen. The average percentage of applied nitrogen present in the wheat plant at maturity was 57 percent at the 100 and 200 kgjha rates. Total phosphorus uptake was increased from 5.5 kgjha in unfertilized wheat to 16.2 kgjha at the 200 kgjha rate; larger applications of nitrogen did not increase phosphorus uptake. Total potassium uptake was increased from 29.9 kgjha in unfertilized wheat to 257.8 kgjha with the application of 400 kg of n'itrogen per hectar~. 0.. 2.5 2.0 G 1.5 CJI c: G 0 L G0. 1.0 c: G CJI 0 ḶŻ 0.5 oL.-------I-----+----+-------1 100 200 300 Amount of opplled nitrogen (kg/he) 400 Fig. 2. 'rhe relationship between the nitrogen percentage of the stems of wheat plants and the rate of nitrogen fertilization at three sampling dates (number of days after planting). Values are averages for the Inia and Ciano varieties. The production of dry matter by wheat as a function of time describes a sigmoid curve as shown in Fig. 4. These data are average values for INIA and CIANO fertilized with 200 300, and 400 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Similar relationships were found for wheat fertilized with 0 and 100 kg' of nitrogen per hectare. The maximum rate of dry matter production occurred during the month following heading. Percentage of total dry matter produced at heading was 28 percent in fertilized wheat and 34 percent in unfertilized wheat. Dry weight of stems increased very rapidly during the month following heading and reached a maximum at about 105 days, while dry weight of leaves increased very little after heading and declined slightly during the last month of the growing season. Dry weight of the spike increased linearly from heading until physiological maturity. Rates of increase in spike weight were 12 kgjhajday, 47 kgjhajday, and 70 kgjhajday at the 0, 100 and 300 kgjha rates of fertilization, respectively. Results obtained in this 1968-69 study illustrate the multiple effects of nitrogen fertilization on the development of the wheat plant. 120
. ,'~---""""''''' 240 / Potollium" / '0 220 / s:. , , ,Cl / ~ 200 , , : I ~ c 180 0 G / NilroQen s:. C 0 j " Cl 0 160 .ll: E / ~ :l .. 'ii 140 /'.."..----- 14 C II ,/ 0 .. " Phosphorus • I c &I 20 / 12 0 / U / '0 / II C 100 / / 10 :J 0 / .. / c 0 G ,/ I s:. Cl 80 / 8 ~ II 0 / / 0 :: / I s:. Z 60 / I 6 II. //. / 40 , / , / 4 , / 20 ,/ ",/" ~,/ '" ./ 0 36 67 915 126 Doy. ofter planting Fig. 3. The accumulative nutrient contents of the aerial portion of the wheat plant from emer· gence to maturity. Values are averages for the Inia and Ciano varieties fertilized with 400 kg of nitrogen per hectare. 2 The qualitative response of the Inia and Ciano varieties to applied nitrogen was similar in all comparisons, while the quantitative effect of applied n'itrogen on the two varieties frequently was different, as discussed earlier. This difference among varieties in their reaction to applied nitrogen is seen very clearly in the results obtained in a variety-nitrogen rate study conducted in 1969-70. As shown in Fig. 5, the four wheat varieties yielded about the same, without applied nitrogen. However, they responded very differently to nitrogen especially at rates greater than 150 kg/ha. The 1969-70 experiment was planted very late (January 13) and the results do not represent the relative response of the four varieties when planted during the optimum period. Leaf rust attack 'in Inia was very probably more severe than it would have been in an earlier planting. In any case, it is interesting to observe that grain production by this lowest yielding variety (lnia) leveled off at the ~ 200 kg/ha rate of fertilization, while the other varieties responded to the higher rates. At the 300 kg/ha rate of nitrogen fertilization, PM2 yield1ed 1.64 ton/ha more grain than Inia. PM2 is one of the new triple dwarf varieties not yet being produced commercially. ~ o .s:. 12 10 8 " c .2 6 .. II .. . ȯ 4 E >. .. o 2 y.'" _----x Stem / / / I I I I f f f / /' Spike I / /' i .....·..........·.:?..·..·......······.... 6 5 i 4 , •o i >. c 3 ọ . C) 2 ..PM 2 ........"..."",,...... Naroaste .... .-'" .. .......... ",/'" __ .Jl,.CIANO •...~ ....... ~ .y INIA .' /' -----,,-' .... ", /'~f .. I. tt"'/'/'/ Leaf O'-==-----I-------+------+---~ 36 67 95 126 Days after plantln~ o 50 100 150 200 250 300 Amount af applied nitrogen (kg/ha) Fig. 4. The accumulative production of dry matter by the aerial portion of the wheat plant from emergence to maturity. Values are averages for the Inia and Ciano varieties fertilized with 200, 300, and 400 kg/ha of nitrogen. Fig. 5. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on grain production by foUf' wheat varieties. 121
Page 1 and 2:
REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6:
Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
Page 7 and 8:
WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction Throughout the develop
Page 11 and 12:
sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
Page 13:
Puebla can be readily transferred a
Page 16 and 17:
In support of these global efforts.
Page 18 and 19:
In the case of Opaque-2 populations
Page 20 and 21:
High Protein Quality Mutants from P
Page 22 and 23:
Quantitative Approach in Improving
Page 24 and 25:
BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
Page 26 and 27:
To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29:
During the past year, grain-to-stov
Page 30 and 31:
Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33:
A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35:
With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37:
Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
Page 38 and 39:
TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
Page 40 and 41:
ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43:
TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45:
Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47:
the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49:
A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 50 and 51:
station produced seed of synthetics
Page 52 and 53:
crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56:
WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58:
duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60:
for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62:
inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64:
est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66:
TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68:
sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70:
TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81 and 82: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 83 and 84: 21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,.."
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99 and 100: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 101 and 102: A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is
Page 103 and 104: denser stands resulting from improv
Page 105 and 106: seed needs for next year and for po
Page 107 and 108: TABLE W22. Effect ·of different ra
Page 109 and 110: TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lin
Page 111 and 112: to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114: which removed the leaves during the
Page 115: the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119: PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121: nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 124 and 125: Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127: Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129: problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131: five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134: COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136: TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138: A third film on the Puebla Project
Page 139: SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
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