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mended have often given poor results in the demonstrations. Morocco and Tunisia are the first largescale development projects with the Mexican varieties under dryland conditions. Less of the accumulate experience with these varieties under irrigation is directly transferable here from elsewhere. Yet the increased yielding ability of these varieties on dryland even under very low rainfall conditions is relatively as great as that of the same varieties under irrigation. Stand density is a major problem adversely affecting the dwarf varieties. Many farmers seed by hand and cover with a disc harrow, and resulting thin stands permit increased weed competition and decrease fertilizer efficiency. The Mexican varieties in the cooler northern regions have not tillered as well as elsewhere. The reasons are not c.ompletely understood; possibly inadequate nitrogen nutrition or loss of applied preplant nitrogen, and in some cases long periods of saturated soil conditions. A date of planting study was initiated during 1969-70 to attempt to verify the observation that the Mexican varieties profit from a later planting date than that recommended for the local varieties. Fertilizer response has been irregular, especially in the higher moisture areas, and calculated coefficients of nitrogen utilization have been low. Phosphate response has not been as evident on farmer's fields as in experiment station trials. Fertilizer Research As the amount of field information on fertilizer requirements of the Mex'ican varieties in Moroc~o is very limited and the number of climatic, soil and management factors influencing response are large, the soil fertility program used only two basic trials during 1969-70 and distributed them over as wide a geographic area as feasible. One was a nitrogen use study consisting of all combinations of three preplant rates (40, 60 and 80 kg/hal and three topdressing rates (0, 20 and 40 kg/hal. The second trial consisted of different rates of several phosphorus-potassium formulations. The treatments in the nitrogen trial were se- lected to obtain information on several points: (1) the effect of different rates of nitrogen applied at planting on tillering; (2) the response to topdressing on different preplant rates, and (3) the effect of different ways of splitting the higher doses. Local nitrogen fertilization practices stress the importance of topdressing as a means to limit early growth of tall, easily lodged local varieties, and develop large heads, especially on the durum varieties. The important consideration for dwarf varieties, however, is that conditions during the early stage of growth are adequate for tillering, which in turn is necessary to obtain high yields. Fields of these varieties fertilized with 20 kg/ha of nitrogen at planting and topdressed with 20 to 40 kg/ha have tillered poorly. This suggests the need to develop new recommendations adjusted to the specific needs of the dwarf varieties. Higher rates of early nitrogen applications appear to be indicated. The phosphate-potassium trials consisted of 45 to 90 kg/ha of K 2 0, combined with 0, 45 and 90 kg/ha of P 2 0 5 plus several heavy rates of P 2 01\. Combinations were chosen to take advantage of phosphorus-potassium formulations available locally. Phosphorus is widely recognized by both farmers and technicians as benefitting Moroccan soils; its use in most areas is more common than that of nitrogen. The need for potassium fertilization has not been clearly established by results obtained in field trials. It has been suggested that both, previous crop and yield level, may influence the need for these two elements. The experimental results obtained this year showed no significant response to either phosphorus or potassium. The failure to observe a response to phosphorus fertilization was possibly due to the fact that the trials were generally conducted on large farms that had been fertilized with phosphorus for many years. Phosphate fixation by these soils is presently being investigated by the national research service. Their results indicate that very heavy rates of P 2 0 5 are necessary for obtaining maximum yields of crops other than cereals. The effect of phosphorus fertilization on the entire rotation rather than on a single crop is being studied. Results obtained in this work should eventually permit the use of information on previous cropping history to arrive at a more precise phosphate recommendation. Rainfall distribution played an important role in determining yield response to nitrogen at a number of locations (Table W22). The general precipitation pattern for the country was a very rainy early winter season followed by a dry spring. Locations in the normally wetter parts of the country suffered from an excess of moisture early in the season. The trial at Toulal (Meknes) received 290 mm during the 30 days immediately following planting resulting in satured soil conditions for a period of at least a month. Under these conditions, the 104
TABLE W22. Effect ·of different rates and times of application of nitrogenous fertilizer on grain yields of wheat in quintales per hectare. Applied nitrogen kg/he S.tt.t Sidi Moul.y R.. Toul.1 Khourlgb. Ben Combined Befor. Side- K.c.m Idrlll Teboud. Dry I.nd Irrlg.ted Ahmed pl.nting d.t. dressing 0 0 28.3 13.5f· 16.5d 46.0 17.0b 9.9 17.0 13.4c 22.7 40 0 35.6 14.6.f 19.5cd 53.3 21.9. 17.0 33.4 25.0cd 26.3 40 20 33.6 15.7def 21.0c 51.4 22.3. 14.2 32.5 23.3d 26.5 40 40 36.6 18.6.bcd 23.6bc 52.1 22.9. 17.5 35.3 26.3cd 27.0 60 0 33.1 15.9def 21.4c 46.7 22.2. 16.0 34.8 25.4cd 25.8 60 20 36.3 17.5cd. 22.5bc 52.6 20.2 37.6 28.9.bcd 60 40 38.9 19.6.bc 23.1bc 53.9 19.6 45.7 32.6.b 60 60 38.9 20.5.bc 28.9. 50.2 18.6 36.6 27.7bcd 80 0 37.8 18.2bcd 23.1bc 53.0 21.9. 17.2 36.7 27.0cd 26.8 ao 20 35.5 19.3.bc 28.5. 53.0 17.1 42.3 29.7.bc 80 40 38.1 21.7. 29.0. 50.7 21.6 46.2 33.9. 120 0 39.8 21.2.b 26.1ab 50.8 23.4. 22.5 42.6 32.5.b Av.rage 36.0 18.0 23.6 51.1 21.7 17.6 36.7 27.1 25.8 Coeffici.nt of variation 13.2% 10.7% 12.9% 7.7% 5.8% 12.8% 13.7% • Yi.ldl followed by unlik. I.tterl are Ilgnlflcantly dlffer.nt .t the 5 % lev.l. wheat did not tiller, and the average yield for the entire trial was 18 Qx/ha. The response to nitrogen in this trial was small but highly significant. Undoubtedly, under more favorable conditions the magnitude of response would have been much larger. Apparently a similar condition occurred at the experiment station near Moulay Idriss. Here, as at Toulal, the nitrogen was applied six weeks before seeding, with heavy rains occurring in the interim period. Although a significant response to nitrogen was obtained at both Toulal and Moulay Idriss, the estfmated fertilizer use efficiency was only about 20% (it was assumed that with 100% efficiency, 25 kg of nitrogen would have produced an increase in yield of one ton) (Table W23). Also the percent utilization of applied nitrogen tended to increase as the rate of fertilization increased. At Settat, on the other hand, where excess soil moisture was not a problem, the average percent utilization was 69, and it decreased at higher levels of fertilization. "rhese data suggest that the low yields obtained at the two former locations resulted from losses of nitrogen during periods of excess soil moisture, and that these losses were relatively less at higher levels of fertilization. TABLE W23. Yield increases due to nitrogen fertilization and percent utilization of applied nitrogen in three experiments. Amount of Toul.1 Moul.y Idrlll Satt.t (Irrlg.ted) • pplied nitrogen Incr.... in P.rc.nt • Incr.... in Perc.nt • Incr.... ln P.rc.nt • kg/h. yield (qx/h.) utiliz.tion yield (qx/h.) utlllz.tlon yl.ld (qx/h.) utilization 40 1.1 7 3.0 19 . 16.4 104 60 2.8 12 4.7 19 15.5 69 80 4.6 14 6.6 21 19.5 61 100 6.0 15 9.3 23 27.0 67 120 7.6 16 11.5 24 21.5 45 Av.r.ge 13 21 69 • Based on the aSlumption that at 100% efficl.ncy 25 kilogr.ms of nitrogen would have produced .n Incr.... In yl.ld of one ton. 105
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REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6:
Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
Page 7 and 8:
WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction Throughout the develop
Page 11 and 12:
sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
Page 13:
Puebla can be readily transferred a
Page 16 and 17:
In support of these global efforts.
Page 18 and 19:
In the case of Opaque-2 populations
Page 20 and 21:
High Protein Quality Mutants from P
Page 22 and 23:
Quantitative Approach in Improving
Page 24 and 25:
BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
Page 26 and 27:
To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29:
During the past year, grain-to-stov
Page 30 and 31:
Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33:
A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35:
With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37:
Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
Page 38 and 39:
TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
Page 40 and 41:
ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43:
TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45:
Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47:
the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49:
A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 50 and 51:
station produced seed of synthetics
Page 52 and 53:
crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56: WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58: duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60: for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62: inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64: est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66: TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68: sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70: TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81 and 82: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 83 and 84: 21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,.."
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99 and 100: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 101 and 102: A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is
Page 103 and 104: denser stands resulting from improv
Page 105: seed needs for next year and for po
Page 109 and 110: TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lin
Page 111 and 112: to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114: which removed the leaves during the
Page 115: the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119: PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121: nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 122 and 123: pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization
Page 124 and 125: Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127: Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129: problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131: five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134: COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136: TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138: A third film on the Puebla Project
Page 139: SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
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