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COUNTRY PROGRAMS: INDIA The Green Revolution has provoked numerous articles and publications concerning both the positive and negative aspects of the revolutionary changes underway in food producti6n. Many of these articles concern various aspects of the biological, technological, economic and sociological aspects of the Grae Revolution and have unfortunately been based on limited information. For this reason the changes taking place in India resulting from the revolution in wheat production are used as a case study to illustrate and provide considerable background on the many aspects of change now under way in that country. INDIA - A CASE STUDY IN THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY This is the third year of the green revolution in wheat. Favorable weather and increased acreage sown to high-yielding varieties, were combined to increase total production for a third major advance. Acreage in high-yielding varieties (HYV) rose from 4.4 million hectare in 1968-69 to an estimated 5.6 million in 1969-70, and production from 18.7 million metric tons to an estimated more than 20 million. Figure W2 shows not only the continuing upward trend in acreage under HYV and production, but in average yield per hectare. The total acreage sown to wheat is not considered to have risen appreciably. The green revolution has stimulated the development of tube wells for irrigation in India; 40,000 of these wells were sunk in 1967·70 in the state of Uttar Pradesh alone. Incnased purchasing power has allowed th farmers to purchase a variety of production and consumer goods (Photo: Mire" Evelyne Bernheim - Repho GulllurMlI., New York, U.S.A.). 80
21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,..""~ .... 0&1 Cl'O~' N ... .8 .... ..... Cl'O E'" '" "' ... '" "'.., .0 '" \CO '" "'01>'" tQ ",D ,... FIGURE W2. Total area, production, and yield of wheat in India, 1952·1970. Punjab now estimates that two-thirds of its acreage is u'nder dwarfs and production has risen from 4.35 mililon tons in 1968-69 to 5.0 million tons in 1969-79; Haryana estimates one-third under HYV -production 1.75 million tons; Bihar one quarter- production 1.6 million. Although acreage figures are not available for Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), the largest wheat producing state, a 40 percent increase in use of fertilizers reflects in part the increase in HYV. It is now estimated that its production will reach 6.1 million tons as contrasted with last year's 5.9 with little change in the 5.3 million hectares under all wheat. West Bengal which in 1964-65 was considered a non-wheat state growing only 40,000 hectares, now grows more than 200,000 hectares and the chances of expansion to as much as 800,000 hectares in the next five years are considered good.. Heavy rains over much of North India in January-February undoubtedly raised production in rainfed areas. However, in certain areas such as Eastern Uttar Pradesh the temporarily waterlogged conditions following heavy rains caused extensive leaf yellowing on the variety Kalyansona cutting yields to some degree. The early onset of the current monsoon in late May and early June, has caused some losses to unthreshed grain and grain lying unprotected from the weather. The green revolution continues to stimulate the development of irrigation. DIKing the year, minor irrigation continued its dramatic increase and such major projects as the Kosi and Rajasthan Canals were further extended. It is estimated that 40,000 private tube wells were sunk in U. P. alone in 1969-70. For the cQuntry the estimate is more than 70,000 which is considered to add about 1.4 million hectares. About 290,000 pumpsets were energised in this period bringing the total through March to 1.32 million. Although figures are not available other statistics indicate that as many as 500,000 additional units may be operated by diesel engine. This compares with the 0.51 million total at the end of 1966. It can be seen from Table W14 that a continued irrigation expansion is anticipated for the fourth plan. There is still a large irrigation potential to be exploited. As seen from Table W14 the present level is 36 million has. The potential estimated is 82 million. In other words, less than one-half of the potential has been developed. Maintenance of Market Prices The Central and State Governments in India have established a procurement system to provide market stability for the cultivator-producer as well as for the lower income consumers. Under the system they purchase at a guaranteed minimum price, any stocks not sold at a higher level (1969-70 procurement price Rs. 76.00jQuintal). Such stocks are stored and sold to the consumer through a series of "fair-price" shops on a rationed basis. These shops sell six million tons per year comprising at present, two-fifths domestically procured and three-fifths imported TABLE W14. Irrigation project targets for 1973 74, end of the Fourth Plan Period. Major and Medium Projects (millions of hectares) Minor (millions of hectares) Pumpsets energised (OOO's) 1968-69 1973·74 16.9 19.0 1087.6 20.8 22.2 2649.0 81
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REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
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Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6:
Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
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WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction Throughout the develop
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sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
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Puebla can be readily transferred a
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In support of these global efforts.
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In the case of Opaque-2 populations
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High Protein Quality Mutants from P
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Quantitative Approach in Improving
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BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
Page 26 and 27:
To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29:
During the past year, grain-to-stov
Page 30 and 31:
Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33: A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35: With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37: Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
Page 38 and 39: TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
Page 40 and 41: ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45: Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47: the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49: A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 50 and 51: station produced seed of synthetics
Page 52 and 53: crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56: WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58: duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60: for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62: inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64: est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66: TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68: sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70: TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99 and 100: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 101 and 102: A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is
Page 103 and 104: denser stands resulting from improv
Page 105 and 106: seed needs for next year and for po
Page 107 and 108: TABLE W22. Effect ·of different ra
Page 109 and 110: TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lin
Page 111 and 112: to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114: which removed the leaves during the
Page 115: the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119: PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121: nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 122 and 123: pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization
Page 124 and 125: Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127: Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129: problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131: five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134:
COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136:
TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138:
A third film on the Puebla Project
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SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
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