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station produced seed of synthetics not involving tropical germ plasm, farmer-to-farmer sales of such synthetic seed have been disappointing. This sort of interaction is vitally needed to supplement present seed production and distribution facilities. Seed Production "': new generation of double topcrosses, involving temperate zone single crosses and materials containing 50% temperate zone and 50% tropical germ plasm, have been tested for three seasons at the Central Maize Research Station. They we're grown in one-acre demonstration plots during the summer of 1970. It is expected that up to 50% of the yield from the better plots can be used for seed. Two local firms have begun hybrid maize seed production in an exploratory manner, and several firms with established fertilizer and pesticide distributorships are indicating an interest in producing and distributing improved seeds. With agro-industry and government groups working together, it is expected that per acre yields of maize can be raised from the present 1000-1200 kg/ha to 2000 kg/ha in the next three years. Maximum yields recorded in oneeight-acre-demonstration plots have been 9000 kg/ha, whicn is nine times the national average. Winter Nursery At the breeding stations situated in the Indus Valley at 30° N, and 32°N, two crops have been grown each year for the past four years. To accelerate the rate of progress in breeding, a winter nursery was planted in late Octobel', 1969, at 25° N. The five new composites grown yielded 5000-7000 kg/ha, indicating that the winter season may be appropriate for commercial planting of maize in the southern part of the country. Over the past 3 seasons, preliminary tests with micro--elements added to the soil indicate that maganese, copper, sulfur, and boron are not limiting at the Central Maize Research Station, while zinc may be slightly limiting. The maximum cropping intensity trial conducted during the past two years, involving short wheat during the winter and two crops of short season maize during the summer, yielded 13.5 and 14.2 metric tons per hectare in 1967-68 and 1968-69, respectively. T.wo training ses.sions are held each year for agricultural extension agents in the Northern and Central regions of Pakistan. Follow up includes demonstrations at "farmer field days" throughout the regions. AFRICA In East Africa, the EAAFRO and neighboring countries have charted new operations. Dr. Lowell Penny, USDA, is on location and has followed through with work on evaluating breeding methods and conducting regional performance trials. CIMMYT's representative Mr. Michael Harrison, formerly involved in this work, has moved to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. As an IITA staff member, he will function as CIMMYT's West African representative, developing varieties and conducting other CIMMYT activities. 48
KENYA Harrison conducted a program to introduce certain simply inherited characteristics into some of the Kenya composite varieties. The gene brachytic 2, which reduces the length of internodes below the ear, is being introduced into KCB and KCE. Genes opaque-2 and floury-2 which affect the amino acid distribution in the grain, are being introduced into all Kenya composite varieties to improve protein quality. The Ht gene for resistance to the leaf blight caused by Helminthosporium turcicum was introduced into several varieties. Cytoplasmic male sterility also was being introduced as a possible aid in commercial seed production. Eastern Africa Maize Variety Trial The 1968-69 Eastern African Maize Variety Trial consisted of 25 entries grown at several locations in most countries of Eastern Africa. H 611 (R) C1 was outstanding in yield at all locations in Kenya and especially at the higher altitudes. The yield of the composite cross KCB x KCE also was encouraging, being exceeded only by H 611 (R) C1 and H-613B as an average of the four high altitude locations. This composite cross in the basis for the present Kenya applied breeding program for the high altitudes of Western Kenya. As selection continues in the two parental composite varieties, the cross is expected soon to become su perior to H 611 B, H 613 B, and H-632; and commercial production will begin. UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC Realizing the potential for increasing yields in the UAR, the Ministry of Agriculture started an accelerated research project on maize production in UAR in late 1965. The CIMMYT specialist arrived in Cairo in October, 1968, so the project has been in effective operation for less than two years. UAR research on maize has two central projects: Project 1: Identification, evaluation and utilization of superior maize germ plasm complexes for the improvement of maize in the UAR. Research was direct to: (1) evaluate the vast range of germ plasm available in the tropics and semi-tropics as a new source of genes for yield, disease resistance, insect tolerance and nutritive quality; (2) develop new basic breeding materials at higher yield levels through blending of elite exotic and local germ plasm complexes; (3) utilize these new materials for the production of higher. yielding, disease resistant, insect tolerant and more nutritive varieties and hybrids for commercial maize production. Introduction and evaluation of maize germ plasm: A wide spectrum of maize germ plasm representing the elite races and varieties was introduced through CIMMYT and grown and evaluated in the 1969 crop season at the Sids experiment station. Outstanding germ plasm have been identified and will be used in the breeding program. The elite materials from the Middle American region were Mexican June, Jellicorse, Yellow Tuxpan, Sonora Groups 2, 7, and 51; Chihuahua Groups 13 and 41; Chapalote; L1era III, and V-520. Blanco Comun from Colombia was the best from the South American region. The Caribbean materials, Compuesto Cubano and Antigua showed good combining ability with Mexican and US germ plasm, and the compact plant type needed for the region. Combinatons of US with Central American and Caribbean germ plasm appeared particularly outstanding. The better ones were lowatigua, Carotigua, double top crosses between single crosses of US inbred lines, and single crosses of Mexican tropical hybrids, Compuesto Cubano and V-520C. Local varieties Nab-EI-Gamal and American Early Dent (a selection from Boone County White) also combined well with Central American and US germplasm. Thirty-eight white composite populations developed in India also were grown for seed increase. A white selection from J1 appeared well adapted, comparable to its performance in India, Pakistan and Nepal. This project will continue with new collections obtained through CIMMYT. Screening germ plasm for resistance to the major diseases: A total of 250 elite local and exotic varieties were grown at Sids, Fayuum and Tahrir experiment stations. At these locations natural epiphytotic of t he three major diseases occur, namely, rust (Puccinia sorgi), stalk rot (Cephalosporium maydis), and leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcicum, H. maydis). Sources of resistance to rust and leaf blight have been identified. L1era III, Blanco Comun, and Antigua varieties are the most promising. None of the materials showed resistance to the stal k rot. Developing new composite populations for UAR: Three local varieties have been top 49
Page 1 and 2: REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
Page 3 and 4: Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6: Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
Page 7 and 8: WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Throughout the develop
Page 11 and 12: sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
Page 13: Puebla can be readily transferred a
Page 16 and 17: In support of these global efforts.
Page 18 and 19: In the case of Opaque-2 populations
Page 20 and 21: High Protein Quality Mutants from P
Page 22 and 23: Quantitative Approach in Improving
Page 24 and 25: BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
Page 26 and 27: To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29: During the past year, grain-to-stov
Page 30 and 31: Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33: A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35: With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37: Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
Page 38 and 39: TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
Page 40 and 41: ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45: Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47: the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49: A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 52 and 53: crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56: WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58: duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60: for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62: inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64: est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66: TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68: sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70: TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81 and 82: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 83 and 84: 21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,.."
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99 and 100: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 101 and 102:
A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is
Page 103 and 104:
denser stands resulting from improv
Page 105 and 106:
seed needs for next year and for po
Page 107 and 108:
TABLE W22. Effect ·of different ra
Page 109 and 110:
TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lin
Page 111 and 112:
to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114:
which removed the leaves during the
Page 115:
the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119:
PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121:
nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 122 and 123:
pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization
Page 124 and 125:
Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127:
Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129:
problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131:
five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134:
COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136:
TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138:
A third film on the Puebla Project
Page 139:
SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
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