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TABLE W20. The 17 Most Promising Bread Wheat Crosses Identified on the Basis of Disease Resistance and Agronomic Type in Screening Nurseries at Tunis and Bou Salem, Tunisia 1969-70. Pedigree Inla ..... x Napo 63. " " " (Son 64.Y50~E x Gto) Inla "s" Bluebird # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 "s" (KI. Pet.Raf.) 8156 CR" Ciano "s" x Inia "s" 2 .... 8156 (B). (Clano·Siete Cerros) (Son 64·Y50E 22398 22402 23528 Chris x Bluebird 26448 Bluebird "s" x Ciano "s" 26592 Ciano "s" x Siete Cerros 26612 Cro•• Number 23584·15Y-6M-OY .. .26Y·2M·1Y·OM .. ·26Y·2M·2Y-OM .. -26Y·2M·3Y·1M·OY .. ·303M·1 Y·17M·1 Y·OM 23,957 23959 23970 25332 x Gto/Tob 66) 25918 point of disease resistance and favorable agronomic type. In most instances, several sister lines of each cross listed showed promise at both locations. Durum Wheats There is an immec;liate need to develop an improved variety of durum wheat for North Africa. The local demands for hard wheats to prepare couscous, macaroni and spaghetti, coupled with Jhe good market price within and outside Tunisia have encouraged increased acreage of commercial production. A Tunisian cross, D 5825, with good yielding ability is being multiplied for release. It is tall and moderately susceptible to stem rust, however, it will be beneficial in production until dwarf, resistant varieties can be developed. This line, although having susceptibility to the three rusts and mildew, had an average yield of 33 quintal/ ha at 16 demonstration locations this year. Its yield was 99.3% of Florence-Aurore and 78.4% of Inia. Good development of stem rust in the durum breeding nurseries provided optimum conditions for selection. The majority of F 3 segregation populations from Mexico were susceptible, however, a number of individual plants were selected in Tunis with good resistance to prevalent races. Most of the Mexican durum lines in yield trials were also susceptible. Table W21 contains the five most promising advanced Mexican lines combining high yield with resistance to stem rust, stripe rust and Septoria at Sou Salem. Since the need for a better durum variety is so great, preliminary mUltiplication will begin immediately. The line V-015 [CRAE-Tc "Stw 63"] x AA "s" cross 27617-18M-6Y-OM is superior to the others in plant type. This line will be multiplied in the Morocco summer nursery and will be increased again in both Tunisia and Morocco during the next crop season. Diseases as They Relate to Breeding Tunisia has a wide range of wheat diseases which pose a potential threat to reductions in yield in a given year. The diseases in decreasing order of importance include stem rust, Septoria, leaf rust, stripe rust, mildew, Fusarium, loose smut and take-all. This year an epidemic of stem rust developed late in the season on local durum wheats. Several thousands hectares were killed outright and a much larger area suffered reduction in grain yield as well as in grain quality. Had the epidemic developed one or two weeks earlier it would have been disastrous. There was very little stem rust present on the bread wheats, and the Mexican varieties showed good resistance to this disease. In the past it has been generally believed in Tunisia that stem rust does not pose a serious obstacle to wheat production. With thicker, TABLE W21. The Most Promising Advanced Generation Durum Lines with Resistance to Stem Rust, Stripe Rust and Septoria in Yield Tests at Bou Salem, Tunisia, 1969·70. Mexico Variety Number 1969-70 Pedigree Cross No. V-012 (Ra-1c') Stw 63 x AA "s" 27617·17M-6Y·OM V·015 .. 63 .. .. .. 27617-18M-6Y-OM V-017 (BYE"-TACE! D. Buck (TME-TC") LK 27612·11M·1Y·OM V·019 BiBal (BYE"-TC) x AA "s" 27664-9M-4Y-OM V·020 .. .. .. .. .. 27664·3M-3Y-OM 100
denser stands resulting from improved production technology, it is almost certain that the hazard from rusts and other diseases will increase. Better disease resistance will be required in the forthcoming new varieties. During the past season preliminary studies were made on rust (and other diseases) epidemology. Both stem and leaf rust were observed to be multiplying from natural infection by mid-January. The January daytime temperatures were apparently adequate during the months on January and February for increase bpth pathogens. Stripe rust from natural infection, for some unexplicable reason, was not observed until early March. The development of both stem and leaf rust was first found in southern Tunisia and at the INRAT station in Tunis. The observed movement of both stem and leaf rust infection and spore movement appeared to be from south to north. Preliminary inoculum apparently comes from spores persisting locally throughout the summer on isolated volunteer wheat plants. These observations are contrary to the former belief that the early infection came from inblown inoculum from Europe. Severe artificial epidemics of stem, leaf and stripe rusts were developed in the breeding plots of both Tunis and Sou Salem. Artif.icial inoculation and periodic sprinkling contributed to developing severe epidemics, that were ideal for selecting for resistance to the three rusts. Selection for resistance to mildew was possible at times. Septoria develops well in the Beja area where a large number of F 2 populations were grown. In the future this area with cool temperatures combined with aprecipitation of 600 mm Will be used to select and screen for resistance to Septoria. Insects The insects which "ose problems for Tunisian wheat production are in order of decreasing importance: Hessian fly, sawfly, ~ereat leaf beetle, wirewo~m, stem maggot and ants. General infestations of Hessian fly, and cereal leaf beetles, and light attacks of sawfly and stem maggot were observedio at/fieldS. • The Hessian fly w~s -general' throuQhotit the wheat area with infestations in"oom~rclaJ' fields estimated at between 5to '50 percent. Cereal leaf beetle was especially heavy in the Bou Salem area, but caused only 'moderate loss because of the lateness o,f the infestation. Wireworms caused heavy local loss in isolated local areas where the culture was wheat following wheat. A large black ant in some areas has been observed causing considerable damage. It removes the ripening grain from the head and transports it away. Birds are a serious pest in some areas, and especially on early maturing fields. MOROCCO Morocco, once a regular exporter of wheat, must now import wheat in order to feed its people. Annual production prior to 1967-68 averaged 1.2 million metric tons obtained from slightly less than 2.0 million hectares. Approximately 3/4 of the area is sown to durum wheats and the remainder to bread wheats. During the last three seasons, 1967 70,favorable weather conditions have resulted in higher levels of production. Nevertheless, because of population pressures Morocco must still import approximately 100,000 tons of bread wheat this year. Recognizing this problem the Moroccan Ministry of A~ricultufe has given ,tpp priority to increasing cereal production. An Agricultural Investment Code which was announced in July 1969 encourages farmers to improve cereal production practices through a program of research, extension credit and subsidies. 'The Cereal Improvement Project which is a joint' activity of the Moroccan Ministry of Agriculture, U.S. AID, <strong>CIMMYT</strong> and the Near East Foundation, will be the principal vehicle used to attain the target of a 50% tncrease in anmlal production by 1914. Although the last crop season was the third since the project was started, it was only Jhe first year, with a >fult team of scienHsts available to -cOnduct a compiete -experimental' ahd ,demonstration pro- ,gram. . Two ClMMYT technicians, Dr: William Hall and, Dr. Ari~teo Acosta, who diC! not arrive until September and November respectively, were' nevertheless able to execute nearly all of their pianned research program for the 101
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REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD INCREASIN
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Contents Page INDEX Page INDEX 3 BO
Page 5 and 6:
Board of Directors JUAN GIL PRECIAD
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WHEAT HEADQUARTERS STAFF NORMAN E.
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction Throughout the develop
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sistance, ~etc. is obtained in one
Page 13:
Puebla can be readily transferred a
Page 16 and 17:
In support of these global efforts.
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In the case of Opaque-2 populations
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High Protein Quality Mutants from P
Page 22 and 23:
Quantitative Approach in Improving
Page 24 and 25:
BREEDING In CIMMYT's maize breeding
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To generate a maize population of m
Page 28 and 29:
During the past year, grain-to-stov
Page 30 and 31:
Based on one year's data, the corre
Page 32 and 33:
A Comparisonof of Two Methods of of
Page 34 and 35:
With the same purpose in mind, 35 S
Page 36 and 37:
Two rates of N (80 and 160 kgsjha)
Page 38 and 39:
TABLE 20. Incidence of stunt diseas
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ENTOMOLOGY Stem Borer Resistance An
Page 42 and 43:
TABLE 23. Percent mortality of Sito
Page 44 and 45:
Optimum Sample Size for Determining
Page 46 and 47:
the workshop were to: review work d
Page 48 and 49:
A project was initiated in 1968 to
Page 50 and 51:
station produced seed of synthetics
Page 52 and 53: crossed to 250 elite varietal colle
Page 55 and 56: WHEAT 57 MEXICO: The Joint CIMMYT·
Page 57 and 58: duced under very unfavorable weathe
Page 59 and 60: for research on spring wheat improv
Page 61 and 62: inary yield tests and were given th
Page 63 and 64: est climate and locations for ident
Page 65 and 66: TABLE W5. Grain yields of ten of th
Page 67 and 68: sound scientific approach, incorpor
Page 69 and 70: TABLE W8. Lines from the Bread Whea
Page 71 and 72: TABLE W10. Seedling and adult plant
Page 73 and 74: Nematode Damage on Wheat For the pa
Page 75 and 76: !las been done by Dr. Mario Vela of
Page 77 and 78: ~~-----~ tein. The protein ranged f
Page 79 and 80: Cultural Practices: Special attenti
Page 81 and 82: grain is highly undesirable and pro
Page 83 and 84: 21 20 " " VHrl ,. ,, . :'. . i ,.."
Page 85 and 86: HA'UR HAPUR MARlEr MARrET WUA'l'PII
Page 87 and 88: market for consumer goods. How much
Page 89 and 90: ern Rajasthan. At 20% urea concentr
Page 91 and 92: and other governmental and semi-gov
Page 93 and 94: the Effect of Tube Well Development
Page 95 and 96: The Need for Continued Teamwork One
Page 97 and 98: of ofboth both breadand and durum w
Page 99 and 100: evaluation on Septaria resistance.
Page 101: A cost benefit ratio of 2.9 to 1 is
Page 105 and 106: seed needs for next year and for po
Page 107 and 108: TABLE W22. Effect ·of different ra
Page 109 and 110: TABLE W24. The Highest Yielding Lin
Page 111 and 112: to dwarfs, cover about 20 percent o
Page 113 and 114: which removed the leaves during the
Page 115: the milk stage of development. It i
Page 118 and 119: PROMOTION OF ACCELERATED MAIZE PROD
Page 120 and 121: nitrogen applied in the usual manne
Page 122 and 123: pIing dates. Nitrogen fertilization
Page 124 and 125: Averaged over the 7 rates of nitrog
Page 126 and 127: Response of Triticales to Nitrogen
Page 128 and 129: problem is due to aluminum toxicity
Page 130 and 131: five percent and one percent as sto
Page 133 and 134: COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION Page IN
Page 135 and 136: TABLE C1. USA MEXICO and CANADA CEN
Page 137 and 138: A third film on the Puebla Project
Page 139: SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR 1970 GENERAL
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