1 Spatial Modelling of the Terrestrial Environment - Georeferencial

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Modelling the Impact of Traffic Emissions on the Urban Environment 229 Figure 11.1 The integration of project modelling components using the SHIRE 2000 GIS Given these assumptions a framework for modelling emissions impact has been created and is shown in Figure 11.1. The framework combines three distinct models dealing with land use, transport and emissions. The GIS acts as a powerful integrating tool for maintaining and managing all of the model input and output data. It also provides a basis for analysis and visualization of results. Table 11.1 shows that there are three broad categories of primary information maintained within SHIRE 2000 in the form of image products, cartography/census geography and socio-economic data. There is also a substantial volume of ancillary datasets and intermediate, analytical results that would be almost impossible to organize effectively outside a reliable database management system. The land use and transport models provide an effective basis for predicting the movement of vehicles by mode on the County transportation network. They function as a closely coupled module that is capable of representing the feedback relationships between changes in land use and changes in the transportation network through time. They have been developed over a period of some 25 years (see Echenique, 1994) and have a proven track record in large-scale modelling of complex, urban systems. In addition to modelling of the actual situation or ‘reference case’ that is a product of past planning policy, they also enable prediction of the outcomes for a range of ‘policy cases’ which are the results of alternative, proposed policy packages. The emissions model was developed within the framework of the ArcView GIS using the methodology set out in DMRB (1999). For the purposes of this study it has the benefits of being widely recognized as a robust screening model with relatively modest data input requirements. It takes predictions of vehicle numbers by mode and average speed for each transport network link from the land use/transport modules and it converts these into maps of emissions concentration on a 25-m raster grid covering the county-wide study area. Having provided a broad overview of the infrastructure created for emissions impact modelling, a more detailed description of the land use, transport and emissions models will now be provided.
230 Spatial Modelling of theTerrestrial Environment Table 11.1 Major components of the SHIRE 2000 database Resolution Data type Coverage (metres) Imagery LANDSAT TM (1989; 1999; 1999) County 30 Spot panchromatic mosaic County 10 ERS1 RADAR (2 PRI; 2 COMPLEX) County 12.5 Interferometric DEM County 25 Land cover map of Great Britain County 30 LC 2000 CLASSIFICATION County 30 Air photo mosaic Cambridge 2 Air photo-derived DEM Cambridge 2 LIDAR DEM West Cambridge 2 Data type Coverage Cartography Ward boundaries Enumeration district boundaries Mentor land use model boundaries Meplan transport model boundaries Meplan multi-modal transport network Bartholomews vector map data OS 1:2500 Digital map data Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire West Cambridge Data source Areal units DATE Socioeconomic data Census Wards and EDs 1991 Population Wards and EDs 1991 Dwellings WARDS and ED’s 1991 Mid-term census estimates Wards 1999 DETR floorspace stats Districts 1983 onwards Traffic flows Links Various 11.3 The Integrated Land Use and Transport Modelling Framework The integrated land use and transport modelling framework consists of a large suite of modules designed to represent various aspects of the land use and transport systems. It also enables representation of the feedback effects between the two systems (Echenique, 1994). The brief description given here relies heavily on the account given by Williams (1994). The land use system is grounded in the interregional, input–output framework established by Leontif (1951) and described by a number of workers including Isard (1960). It provides
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Spatial Modelling of the Terrestria
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Copyright C○ 2004 John Wiley & So
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Contents List of Contributors Prefa
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Contributors Jonathan L. Bamber Sch
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List of Contributors xi George Perr
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xiv Preface in theory and applicati
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2 Spatial Modelling of the Terrestr
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Editorial: Spatial Modelling in Hyd
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Editorial: Spatial Modelling in Hyd
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2 Modelling Ice Sheet Dynamics with
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Modelling Ice Sheet Dynamics by Sat
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36 Spatial Modelling of the Terrest
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4 Using Coupled Land Surface and Mi
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Coupled Land Surface and Microwave
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100 Spatial Modelling of the Terres
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Editorial: Terrestrial Sediment and
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Editorial: Terrestrial Sediment and
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6 Remotely Sensed Topographic Data
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Remotely Sensed Topographic Data fo
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7 Modelling Wind Erosion and Dust E
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Modelling Wind Erosion and Dust Emi
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8 Near Real-Time Modelling of Regio
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Near Real-Time Modelling of Regiona
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High Low TSM Concentration Figure 8
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9 Estimation of Energy Emissions, F
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Page 248 and 249: PART IV CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTU
Page 272 and 273: 268 Index Bi-spectral InfraRed Dete
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1 Spatial Modelling of the Terrestrial Environment - Georeferencial

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