1 Spatial Modelling of the Terrestrial Environment - Georeferencial

Index 275
higher, usefulness of 189–90, 190
passive microwave systems 43–4
scales of variation and size of support 266–7
spatial variability, of environmental parameters 267
spatially explicit wind erosion and dust flux model
143–6
issues in integration of parameters for 144–6, 145
processing stream for 145
predicting wind erosion and dust flux at the Jornada
Basin 146–53
data sources and model inputs 145, 146–8, 146,
147, 147, 148
relations between model parameters and
vegetation/soil parameters 144, 144
Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) 43, 44,
253
SPOT-HVR XS images 203
SSM/I snow depth estimates, spatial representivity of,
an example 47–9
standard deviation (SD), relationship with error 122,
123–4, 124
Stefan’s Law 187
stereo-photogrammetry, limitations over ice sheets 15
Structural Analysis and Mapping System (SAMS)
210, 215
and built-form constellations 209
surface mass balance model 19–2020
surface quality
description 118–19
quantification 116–18
surface temperature remote sensing 253
suspended sediment concentration, used to map flow
patterns 82
sustainable planning policy 229
sustainable urban development 200
SWE see snow water equivalent (SWE)
SWEMO see spatially explicit wind erosion and dust
flux model
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
airborne 84, 97–8
dynamic flooding processes 83
River Severn floods (1998 and 2000) 84–5
polarimetric or multi-frequency and accurate flood
mapping 84
new sensors for measurement of inundation extent
83–4
statistical active contour methods (snakes) 83–4
Tanganyika, Lake 5, 157–8
deficiency in sediment delivery model, Malagarasi
River sediment 167–8
estimation of lake sediment concentrations 164–5
use of AVHRR and ATSR-2 imagery 164–5
key regions prone to erosion, deforested and
degraded 166, 167
Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project (LTBP)
Special Sediment Study 158
mapping of sediment plumes 158
remote sensing of sediment plumes 164, 168,
169–71
Ruzizi River plumes 168
sediment monitoring system 158
estimation of lake sediment concentrations 164–5
sediment transport and routing 163–4, 167–8, 172
soil erosion modelling 159–63
sediment yield estimations 172
sensitive to sedimentation problems 157, 158
severe erosion in the northern catchment, Rwanda,
Burundi and eastern Zaire 166, 167, 167
soil erosion model of the catchment 158
terrestrial environment 1
connected to spatial modelling 1–2
topographic data, high resolution 92–4
integration with standard hydraulic models 92
topography
controlling sediment route through a catchment 164
in hydraulic models 86
ice sheet 4, 14–15, 31, 265
from InSAR and SRA 21–3, 24
see also ice sheet topography; surface quality
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) 137–8,
139
trace gases and aerosols, emissions from fires 177, 182
tractability, in computer modelling 3
traffic congestion, Cambridgeshire 238
traffic emissions, modelling impact of on the urban
environment 228–43
integrated land use and transport modelling
framework 231–3
emissions model 233–5
integrating models within the framework of SHIRE
2000 GIS 229–30, 231
modelling emmissions impact in Cambridgeshire
235–41
emissions impact of the policy scenarios 239–41
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Microwave Imager (TMI) 253
UK
local authorities responsible for an ‘Air Quality
Strategy’ 228–9
National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAIE)
229
uncertainty estimation
using spatial data and distributed risk mapping
98–101
probability mapping 100, 101
uniform flow theory 86
universal soil loss equation (USLE) 109
urban growth 200