1 Spatial Modelling of the Terrestrial Environment - Georeferencial

268 Index
Bi-spectral InfraRed Detection (BIRD) (cont.)
usefulness of higher spatial resolution 189–90,
190
bias, in statistical analysis 116–17, 120
biodiversity, Lake Tanganyika catchment 158
biodiversity monitoring, of remote locations 5
biomass burning 177
biomass combustion estimates 182, 184, 184
boundary friction 79
built-form connectivity models 5, 204–11
Kruger’s original model 204–8
recognition of built-form constellations 211–18
a region-based, graph-topological implementation
209–11
built-form spatial structure 210–11
built-form connectivity model 209
representation of regional morphology/spatial
structure 209–10
pre-processing 211
built-form constellation structure 218–23
built-form unit area 220, 221
mixed land-use categories 220
built-form unit compactness 220–3
built-form unit packing and density 218–19
built-form constellations 211–18
containment relation
analysis of for corresponding node set in XRAG
211–12, 213
summary information on for scene as a whole
213–15, 214
depth-first graph-searching algorithm, use of
215–16
relations encapsulating hierarchical containment
patterns 216–18
Cambridgeshire, UK
building the Cambridgeshire model 235–7
calibration data sources 235
land use model 236
transport model 236–7, 236
examination of planning strategy (1996–2000) 229
formulating and testing a sustainable policy
package 237–9
environmental problems needing solutions 238
planning problems of rapid growth 237–8
modelling emissions impact in 235–41
emissions impact of the policy scenarios 239–41
reference case and policy case and scenarios 235,
238–9
wide area estimates of emissions concentrations
required 234–5
Canadian Meteorological Center 37
catchment-based LSM 250, 259
river channel routing 93
Chavenet principle 121
climate change studies, and snow 35
climate prediction and snow extent/volume 37
climate system, impacts of ice sheets on 13–14
cloud masking technique 165, 159–60
coastal zone colour scanner 110
Cold Lands Processes Experiment (CLPX) 54, 267
combustion
chemical equation for 178
combustion efficiency 180
process in a spreading fire 179
in wildfires 178–9
Community Land Model (CLM) 251
coupled land surface and microwave emission models
60–3
MICRO-SWEAT 61–2
emission component based on Wilheit coherent
model 61–2
Dobson et al model 62
time series of modelled and measured brightness
temperatures 62–3, 62
Cryosat 14, 32, 265
cryosphere, study of, primary objective for satellite
missions, Cryosat and ICESat 14, 31–2
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor 87, 94
data
accuracy, reliability and precision in terms of errors
116
distinction between accuracy and bias 116–17
data assimilation 11, 246, 247, 254–6
data assimilation theory 254
hydrologic data assimilation 255
in meterology and oceanography 253–4
see also Land Data Assimilation Systems
Physical-Space Statistical Analysis System (PSAS)
252, 254–5
soil moisture estimation 255
data quality
determination of the SDE important 117–18
local vs. global measurements of 118–19, 135
description of surface quality needs careful
thought 118–19
three main issues 118
measured by the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error)
117
deforestation, Lake Tanganyika’s 158
DEM quality 113–14
DEMs 111
coarse resolution 124–6, 125, 126
accuracy and error characterization 167, 265
NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data
265
InSAR-derived 19, 24
error in 116–21
SRA-derived 30, 31