ghg-inventory-1990-2013

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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) 4.1 Sector overview 4.1.1 The IPPU sector in New Zealand New Zealand has a relatively small number of industrial processing plants emitting nonenergy-related greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from eight distinct industrial processes in New Zealand are reported in the IPPU sector. These are: calcination of limestone in cement production calcination of limestone in burnt and slaked lime production production of ammonia, which is further processed into urea production of methanol production of hydrogen, in oil refining and for making hydrogen peroxide production of steel, from iron sand and from scrap steel oxidation of anodes in aluminium smelting use of soda ash in glass making. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are used in a large number of products and in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. Some recovered HFCs are exported for destruction. Perfluorocarbons are also emitted as a result of anode effects in aluminium smelting. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) is used in the electricity distribution sector and for medical and some other applications. There is no production of any fluorinated chemicals in New Zealand; they are all imported. 4.1.2 Emissions summary The IPPU sector in New Zealand produces CO 2 emissions (65.7 per cent), fluorinated gases (31.8 per cent) and small amounts of methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Coal and natural gas are used on a significant scale for energy in the Mineral industry, Chemical industry and Metal industry source categories. Carbon dioxide and any other emissions from combustion of fuels in these industries are reported under the Energy sector. 2013 In 2013, emissions in the IPPU sector contributed 5,071.5 kt carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -e) or 6.3 per cent of New Zealand’s total greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions by source category are shown in table 4.1.1. The largest source category is the Metal industry category, with substantial CO 2 emissions from Steel production and aluminium smelting. The Metal industry category also contributes a small amount of PFC emissions from anode effects in aluminium smelting. 1990–2013 Total IPPU sector emissions in 2013 were 1,795.5 kt CO 2 -e higher than emissions in 1990 (3,276.0 kt CO 2 -e). This increase was mainly driven by increasing emissions from 92 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013
the Product uses as substitutes for ODS source category, which had no emissions in 1990 and 1,615.2 kt CO 2 -e in 2013. These emissions have continued to increase, due to increasing use of air conditioning and other products containing refrigerants. In addition, CO 2 emissions from the Mineral industry, Chemical industry and Metal industry categories have increased due to increasing production rates in these industries. This was partly offset by a substantial reduction in PFC emissions, achieved by improvements in management of anode effects in aluminium smelting. Emissions from the Other product manufacture and use category have also increased due to the use of imported N 2 O in medical and other applications. 2012–2013 Total IPPU sector emissions in 2013 were 115.9 kt CO 2 -e (2.3 per cent) higher than emissions in 2012. This change was a result of ongoing gradual increases from the Product uses as substitutes for ODS source category (51.6 kt CO 2 -e or 3.3 per cent), due to increasing use of air conditioning and other products. In addition there have been small increases in CO 2 emissions in the Mineral industry (19.7 CO 2 -e or 2.6 per cent) and in the Metal industry (42.0 kt CO 2 -e or 1.8 per cent) categories due to ongoing increases in production. Table 4.1.1 New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions for the IPPU sector by source category Emissions (kt CO 2 -e) Difference (kt CO 2 -e) Change (percentage) Share (percentage) Source category 1990 2013 1990–2013 1990–2013 1990 2013 Mineral industry (2.A) 561.9 771.5 209.7 37.3% 17.4% 15.2% Chemical industry (2.B) 176.7 276.8 100.1 56.6% 5.5% 5.5% Metal industry (2.C) 2,490.3 2,329.4 –160.8 –6.5% 77.0% 45.9% Product uses as substitutes for ODS (2.F) Other product manufacture and use (2.G) – 1615.2 1615.2 – – 31.8% 47.2 78.4 31.2 66.1% 1.5% 2.4% Total 3,276.0 5,071.5 1,795.5 54.8% – – Note: No emissions are reported for the electronics industry (2.E) or non-energy products from fuels and solvents use (2.F) source categories. Colums may not sum due to rounding. New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013 93
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New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inve
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Acknowledgements Key contributors M
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ewetting, are voluntary for the sec
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(table ES 3.1). This growth in emis
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Figure ES 4.3 Change in New Zealand
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Agriculture (chapter 5) 2013 New Ze
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Waste (chapter 7) The Waste sector
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in 1.AA.2.C Chemicals. Further deta
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Executive summary: References IPCC.
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Chapter 14: Information on changes
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Table 5.1.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 6.5.1 New Zealand’s land-us
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Table 11.1.1 New Zealand’s emissi
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Figure 3.3.1 Reference and sectoral
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Figure 10.1.8 Effect of recalculati
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Convention were not enough to ensur
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i. New Zealand’s annual Inventory
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Quality control For this submission
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UNFCCC annual inventory review New
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Tier 1 methods apply IPCC default e
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The key categories that were identi
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Quantitative method used: IPPC Tier
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category level asse
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(a) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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cent from the trend uncertainty for
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Trading NZUs for international unit
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production of methanol has been spl
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Chapter 1: References Beets PN, Kim
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UNFCCC 2012a: FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/A
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population of non-dairy cattle, she
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Under the Climate Change Convention
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Table 2.2.1 New Zealand’s total (
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Figure 2.2.4 Change in New Zealand
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the forest management cap set at 3.
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3: Energy 3.1 Sector overvi
Page 76 and 77: Table 3.1.1 Key sources of 1.A fuel
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Page 150 and 151: Food and drink Emissions of NMVOCs
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 5: Agricu ulture 5.1 Sector
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Page 156 and 157: population and the reduction in non
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Table 5.2.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 5.2.3 New Zealand’s implied
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grass-legume pasture, the predomina
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5.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
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Table 5.3.2 Distribution of livesto
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obtained from all New Zealand studi
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Nitrogen excretion rates for the mi
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Indirect nitrous oxide from manure
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the Enteric fermentation section, t
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(evaporation or sublimation) and su
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ivers, lakes and estuaries (Clough
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EF 1(UREA) = proportion of direct N
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MS T is the proportion of manure ex
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44 28 44 28 ∙ Where: AG
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with a peaty layer are included in
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Frac LEACH-H is the fraction of N a
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Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiami
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EF 3(PR&P) has the most influence o
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However, the authors concluded that
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5.7.2 Methodological issues The emi
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Chapter 5: References Some referenc
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Kelliher FM, Cox N, van der Weerden
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Thomas S, Wallace D, Beare M. 2014.
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2012-2013 Between 2012 and 2013, ne
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New Zealand’s exotic forest plant
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Table 6.1.4 New Zealand’s emissio
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Calculation of national emission es
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Further details on the emission fac
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land-use areas as at 1 January 1990
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Land-use subcategory Low producing
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The potential woody change layers w
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Figure 6.2.3 Land-use map of New Ze
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Figure 6.2.4 Identification of post
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no change: The area has not been de
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Figure 6.2.6 Land-use map of New Ze
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Prominent land-use changes between
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Table 6.2.6 New Zealand’s land-us
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6.2.4 Methodological change The 201
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had been detected at the 95 per cen
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In equation (4), , is the mean so
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767 samples and the smallest (Other
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significantly different from the re
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layer of the Land Environments New
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(Baisden et al, 2006a, 2006b). This
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Table 6.4.3 New Zealand’s net car
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Figure 6.4.2 New Zealand’s net ca
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Soil carbon changes associated with
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Figure 6.4.4 Location of New Zealan
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egenerating forest was driven prima
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The stand tending model: New Zealan
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Non-CO 2 emissions for pre-1990 pla
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(Stephens et al, 2012). In practice
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period is 2.2 tonnes C ha -1 yr -1
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Table 6.4.8 Uncertainty in New Zeal
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measured (Beets et al, 2011a, 2012a
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Mapping of forest areas will be ite
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section 6.2. Emissions and removals
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conversion (GPG-AFOLU, table 5.9, I
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6.5.6 Category-specific planned imp
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more information on deforestation,
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matter prior to conversion is lost)
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The majority of New Zealand’s hyd
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Soil carbon Soil carbon stocks in L
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Table 6.8.2 New Zealand’s carbon
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An analysis of change in area shows
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new activity data from the improved
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6.10.3 Uncertainties and time-serie
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Uncertainties and time-series consi
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with the clearing of vegetation pri
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Chapter 6: References Ausseil A, Ja
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Contract report prepared for the Mi
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www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climat
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Wakelin SJ, Beets PN. 2013. Emissio
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Table 7.1.1 New Zealand’s greenho
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municipal solid waste activity data
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Table 7.2.1 Landfill emissions in C
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Methane correction factor and oxida
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which have been filled by correlati
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7.4.4 Source-specific QA/QC and ver
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production, and consequently the ne
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Summary of parameters used Table 7.
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Table 7.5.5 Parameter values applie
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Table 7.5.7 Parameter values applie
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Chapter 7: References Beca Infrastr
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Chapter 9: Indirect carbon dioxide
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Figure 10.1.1 Effect of recalculati
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Figure 10.1.4 Effect of change to o
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10.1.3 Agriculture Improvements mad
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10.1.4 Land use, land-use change an
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Table 10.1.5 Explanations and justi
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Table 10.1.8 Recalculations to New
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Sector CH 4 Energy - Navigation: li
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Chapter 11: KP-LULUCF 11.1 General
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Table 11.1.2 New Zealand’s emissi
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and Forestry, 2002). The two estate
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The Erosion Control Funding Program
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2009a). This led to a significant r
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Transitions to deforestation are ba
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Harvest of afforestation and refore
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is assumed that the carbon stock af
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gross:net accounting for afforestat
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Table 11.3.2 Recalculations to New
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period, whichever is later. In prac
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Figure 11.4.1 Verification of defor
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Recommends that, in case New Zealan
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Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
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12.2 Summary of the standard electr
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Table 12.2.2 Copies of the 2014 fir
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Party NZ Submission Year 2015 Repor
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Table 3. Expiry, cancellation and r
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Table 5 a. Summary information on a
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Table 12.2.4 Copies of the 2014 sec
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Table 5 (c). Summary information on
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Type of information to be made publ
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Type of information to be made publ
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12.5 Calculation of the commitment
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Chapter 13: Information on changes
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several earthquakes of 6.5-6.9 magn
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Section subheading measures 15/CMP.
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the issues related to the implement
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A further example is New Zealand’
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4.2 of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IP
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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Annex 2: Uncertainty analysis (tabl
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Table A2.1.1 The uncertainty calcul
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Table A2.1.2 The uncertainty calcul
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Annex 3.1: Detailed methodological
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Livestock category Non-dairy (beef)
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Table A3.1.2.3 Emission factors for
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Table A3.2.1 Uncertainty analysis f
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A3.2.2 LUCAS Data Management System
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database storage, management, versi
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Versioning at a number of levels en
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Annex 3: References Some references
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Annex 4: Methodology and data colle
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Table A4.2 Consumption-weighted ave
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Table A4.4 Nitrous oxide emission f
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Table A4.6 Carbon content (per cent
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Diesel N 2 O emission factors (mg/k
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446 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas
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Figure A4.2 New Zealand oil energy
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Annex 5: Additional material All su
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