ghg-inventory-1990-2013

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Figure 6.4.4 Location of New Zealand’s pre-1990 forest carbon monitoring plots Pre-1990 natural forest Plot network A national monitoring programme designed to enable unbiased estimates of carbon stock and change for New Zealand’s natural forests was developed between 1998 and 2001 (Goulding et al, 2001). One thousand, two hundred and fifty-six permanent sample plots of 0.04 hectares were installed systematically on the 8-kilometre grid across New Zealand’s natural forests (see figure 6.4.4) and these were first measured over five years between 2002 and 2007. 240 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013
The plots were sampled using a method designed specifically for the purpose of calculating carbon stocks (Payton et al, 2004b). Re-measurement of the plot network provides repeat measures data suitable for calculating carbon stock change in natural forest. The first re-measurement of the plot network has recently been completed, with plots re-measured over five years between 2009 and 2014, following methodology revised for this purpose (Ministry for the Environment, 2013). The measurement programme is planned to continue at a reduced frequency on a 10-year cycle. The full set of plots will be measured across a period of 10 years starting in 2014. At each plot, data is collected to calculate the volumes of trees, shrubs and dead organic matter present. These measurements are then used to estimate the carbon stocks for the following biomass pools: living biomass (comprising above-ground biomass and below-ground biomass) dead organic matter (comprising dead wood and litter). Table 6.4.5 summarises the method used to calculate the carbon stock in each biomass pool from the information collected at each plot. Dead organic matter Dead organic matter is separated into two carbon pools. Dead wood: The carbon content of dead standing trees is determined in the same way as live trees but excludes branch and foliage biomass calculations. The carbon content of the fallen wood and stumps is derived from the volume of the piece of wood, its species (if able to be identified) and what stage of decay it is at. Dead wood comprises woody debris with a diameter greater than 10 centimetres. Litter: The carbon content of the fine debris is calculated by laboratory analysis of sampled material. Litter comprises fine woody debris (dead wood from 2.5 to 10 centimetres in diameter), the litter (all material less than 2.5 centimetres in diameter) and the fermented humic horizons. Samples were taken at approximately one-third of the natural forest plots. Carbon stock Biomass in the above pools is summed to calculate the total carbon stock for these pools. Based on the most recent analysis, carbon stock in the tall forest component of pre-1990 natural forest is 257.74 ± 11.33 tonnes C ha –1 and carbon stock in the regenerating component of pre-1990 natural forest is 88.80 ± 16.23 tonnes C ha –1 (Holdaway et al, 2014b). Carbon stock change Carbon stock change in natural forest is calculated as the difference in carbon stock at time two minus time one. This is calculated for each plot, and the mean change across all plots is used as the national average. With the recent completion of the first remeasurement of the plot network, New Zealand now has a full inventory of pre-1990 natural forest at two points in time. The average measurement date of the first point is 2004 and average measurement date of the second point is 2011. Analysis of the full set of re-measurement data is now complete. Results of this analysis found that between 2002–2007 and 2009–2014 the regenerating forest component of New Zealand’s pre-1990 natural forest was a net sink of carbon, sequestering 1.39 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.94) tonnes C ha –1 yr –1 . Due to the dominance of tall forest types, the combined overall net change across all pre-1990 natural forest was indistinguishable from zero (+0.34 (95% CI −0.09 to 0.77) tonnes C ha –1 yr –1 ). Carbon stock change in New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013 241
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New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inve
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Acknowledgements Key contributors M
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ewetting, are voluntary for the sec
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(table ES 3.1). This growth in emis
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Figure ES 4.3 Change in New Zealand
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Agriculture (chapter 5) 2013 New Ze
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Waste (chapter 7) The Waste sector
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in 1.AA.2.C Chemicals. Further deta
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Executive summary: References IPCC.
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Chapter 14: Information on changes
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Table 5.1.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 6.5.1 New Zealand’s land-us
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Table 11.1.1 New Zealand’s emissi
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Figure 3.3.1 Reference and sectoral
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Figure 10.1.8 Effect of recalculati
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Convention were not enough to ensur
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i. New Zealand’s annual Inventory
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Quality control For this submission
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UNFCCC annual inventory review New
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Tier 1 methods apply IPCC default e
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The key categories that were identi
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Quantitative method used: IPPC Tier
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category level asse
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(a) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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cent from the trend uncertainty for
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Trading NZUs for international unit
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production of methanol has been spl
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Chapter 1: References Beets PN, Kim
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UNFCCC 2012a: FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/A
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population of non-dairy cattle, she
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Under the Climate Change Convention
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Table 2.2.1 New Zealand’s total (
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Figure 2.2.4 Change in New Zealand
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the forest management cap set at 3.
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Chapter 3: Energy 3.1 Sector overvi
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Table 3.1.1 Key sources of 1.A fuel
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improved significantly due to incre
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pricing information international
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the survey was conducted by Statist
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‒ Eleven landfill facilities, tot
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includes further information on liq
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Figure 3.3.4 Energy sector quality
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Figure 3.3.7 Carbon dioxide implied
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ecause the share of electricity gen
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Figure 3.3.9 Decision tree to ident
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Other - Other non-specified - Solid
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esult of this reallocation, and emi
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Figure 3.3.12 Splits used for manuf
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3.3.8 Fuel combustion: Transport (C
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Figure 3.3.13 Methane emissions fro
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‒ a is the slope of the line achi
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purpose-built natural gas (CNG) bus
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sufficient and robust enough to ens
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Residential - Liquid Fuels. Key cat
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Changes in emissions between 2012 a
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The main source of emissions from t
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emissions factor (UEF) in place of
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2000) has an emissions factor that
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Chapter 3: References Australian Bu
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Figure 4.1.1 New Zealand’s annual
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For PFCs in Aluminium production, a
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In 2013, the Mineral industry categ
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4.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series
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Emissions of CO 2 from hydrogen pro
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use of coal as a reducing agent and
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Perfluorocarbon emissions (t CO 2 -
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factors for the Iron and steel prod
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Table 4.7.1 New Zealand’s halocar
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commercial equipment is pre-charged
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agency. The weighted average quanti
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IPCC, 2000, Tier 1 approach was use
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Food and drink Emissions of NMVOCs
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Chapter 5: Agricu ulture 5.1 Sector
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emissions from manure management co
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population and the reduction in non
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performed on a monthly basis. The e
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egional council boundaries changed.
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onwards for six livestock improveme
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The populations of goats, horses an
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Figure 5.1.6: Agriculture sectoral
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non-urea synthetic fertiliser using
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leaders to follow, including the de
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The model has been updated to inclu
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Table 5.2.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 5.2.3 New Zealand’s implied
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grass-legume pasture, the predomina
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5.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
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Table 5.3.2 Distribution of livesto
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obtained from all New Zealand studi
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Nitrogen excretion rates for the mi
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Indirect nitrous oxide from manure
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the Enteric fermentation section, t
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(evaporation or sublimation) and su
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ivers, lakes and estuaries (Clough
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EF 1(UREA) = proportion of direct N
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MS T is the proportion of manure ex
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44 28 44 28 ∙ Where: AG
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with a peaty layer are included in
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Frac LEACH-H is the fraction of N a
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Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiami
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EF 3(PR&P) has the most influence o
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However, the authors concluded that
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5.7.2 Methodological issues The emi
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Chapter 5: References Some referenc
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Kelliher FM, Cox N, van der Weerden
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Page 224 and 225: 2012-2013 Between 2012 and 2013, ne
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Page 228 and 229: Table 6.1.4 New Zealand’s emissio
Page 230 and 231: Calculation of national emission es
Page 232 and 233: Further details on the emission fac
Page 234 and 235: land-use areas as at 1 January 1990
Page 236 and 237: Land-use subcategory Low producing
Page 238 and 239: The potential woody change layers w
Page 240 and 241: Figure 6.2.3 Land-use map of New Ze
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Page 244 and 245: no change: The area has not been de
Page 246 and 247: Figure 6.2.6 Land-use map of New Ze
Page 248 and 249: Prominent land-use changes between
Page 250 and 251: Table 6.2.6 New Zealand’s land-us
Page 252 and 253: 6.2.4 Methodological change The 201
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Page 256 and 257: In equation (4), , is the mean so
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Page 266 and 267: Table 6.4.3 New Zealand’s net car
Page 268 and 269: Figure 6.4.2 New Zealand’s net ca
Page 270 and 271: Soil carbon changes associated with
Page 274 and 275: egenerating forest was driven prima
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Page 278 and 279: Non-CO 2 emissions for pre-1990 pla
Page 280 and 281: (Stephens et al, 2012). In practice
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Page 284 and 285: Table 6.4.8 Uncertainty in New Zeal
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Page 288 and 289: Mapping of forest areas will be ite
Page 290 and 291: section 6.2. Emissions and removals
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Page 294 and 295: 6.5.6 Category-specific planned imp
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Page 300 and 301: The majority of New Zealand’s hyd
Page 302 and 303: Soil carbon Soil carbon stocks in L
Page 304 and 305: Table 6.8.2 New Zealand’s carbon
Page 306 and 307: An analysis of change in area shows
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Page 310 and 311: 6.10.3 Uncertainties and time-serie
Page 312 and 313: Uncertainties and time-series consi
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Page 318 and 319: Contract report prepared for the Mi
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Wakelin SJ, Beets PN. 2013. Emissio
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Table 7.1.1 New Zealand’s greenho
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municipal solid waste activity data
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Table 7.2.1 Landfill emissions in C
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Methane correction factor and oxida
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which have been filled by correlati
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7.4.4 Source-specific QA/QC and ver
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production, and consequently the ne
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Summary of parameters used Table 7.
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Table 7.5.5 Parameter values applie
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Table 7.5.7 Parameter values applie
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Chapter 7: References Beca Infrastr
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Chapter 9: Indirect carbon dioxide
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Figure 10.1.1 Effect of recalculati
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Figure 10.1.4 Effect of change to o
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10.1.3 Agriculture Improvements mad
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10.1.4 Land use, land-use change an
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Table 10.1.5 Explanations and justi
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Table 10.1.8 Recalculations to New
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Sector CH 4 Energy - Navigation: li
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Chapter 11: KP-LULUCF 11.1 General
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Table 11.1.2 New Zealand’s emissi
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and Forestry, 2002). The two estate
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The Erosion Control Funding Program
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2009a). This led to a significant r
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Transitions to deforestation are ba
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Harvest of afforestation and refore
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is assumed that the carbon stock af
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gross:net accounting for afforestat
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Table 11.3.2 Recalculations to New
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period, whichever is later. In prac
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Figure 11.4.1 Verification of defor
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Recommends that, in case New Zealan
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Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
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12.2 Summary of the standard electr
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Table 12.2.2 Copies of the 2014 fir
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Party NZ Submission Year 2015 Repor
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Table 3. Expiry, cancellation and r
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Table 5 a. Summary information on a
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Table 12.2.4 Copies of the 2014 sec
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Table 5 (c). Summary information on
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Type of information to be made publ
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Type of information to be made publ
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12.5 Calculation of the commitment
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Chapter 13: Information on changes
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several earthquakes of 6.5-6.9 magn
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Section subheading measures 15/CMP.
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the issues related to the implement
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A further example is New Zealand’
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4.2 of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IP
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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Annex 2: Uncertainty analysis (tabl
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Table A2.1.1 The uncertainty calcul
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Table A2.1.2 The uncertainty calcul
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Annex 3.1: Detailed methodological
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Livestock category Non-dairy (beef)
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Table A3.1.2.3 Emission factors for
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Table A3.2.1 Uncertainty analysis f
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A3.2.2 LUCAS Data Management System
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database storage, management, versi
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Versioning at a number of levels en
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Annex 3: References Some references
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Annex 4: Methodology and data colle
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Table A4.2 Consumption-weighted ave
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Table A4.4 Nitrous oxide emission f
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Table A4.6 Carbon content (per cent
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Diesel N 2 O emission factors (mg/k
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446 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas
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Figure A4.2 New Zealand oil energy
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Annex 5: Additional material All su
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