ghg-inventory-1990-2013

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Chapter 6: References Ausseil A, Jamali H, Clarkson B, Golubiewski N. 2013. Estimating carbon stocks in freshwater wetlands of New Zealand. (Manuscript in prep.) Baisden WT, Beets PN, Davis M, Wilde RH, Arnold G, Trotter CM. 2006a. Changes in New Zealand’s Soil Carbon Stocks Following Afforestation of Pastures. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0506/105. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Baisden WT, Wilde RH, Arnold G, Trotter CM. 2006b. Operating the New Zealand Soil Carbon Monitoring System. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0506/107. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Basher L, Burrows L, Hough S, Lambie S, Ross C, Thornburrow D, Garrett L, T P, Evanson T, Oliver G, Osorio R, Pearce S, Hill R. 2014. Soil data collection and analysis of post-1989 planted forest plot network. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Landcare Research, Scion and LandSystems. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Beets PN, Brandon AM, Goulding CJ, Kimberley MO, Paul TSH and Searles NB. 2011a. The inventory of carbon stock in New Zealand’s post-1989 planted forest. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 1119–1130. Beets PN, Brandon AM, Goulding CJ, Kimberley MO, Paul TSH, Searles N. 2012a. The national inventory of carbon stock in New Zealand’s pre-1990 planted forest using a LiDAR incompletetransect approach. Forest Ecology and Management 280: 187–197. Beets PN, Holt L. 2013. Audit of the LUCAS Post-1989 Natural Forest Plot Inventory 2012–2013. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Scion. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Beets PN, Kimberley MO. 2011. Improvements Contained in the Forest Carbon Predictor Version 3. Scion. Beets PN, Kimberley MO, McKinley RB. 2007. Predicting wood density of Pinus radiata annual growth increments. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 37: 241–266. Beets PN, Kimberley MO, Oliver GR, Pearce SH, Graham JD. 2012b. CNPS plot remeasurement and refinements to methodology for estimating shrubland carbon. Contract report 20093 prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Scion. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Beets PN, Kimberley MO, Oliver GR, Pearce SH, Graham JD. 2013. Post-1989 natural forest carbon stocks and changes. Contract report 20093 prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Scion. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Beets PN, Kimberley MO, Paul TSH, Garrett LG. 2011b. Planted forest Carbon Monitoring System – Forest carbon model validation study for Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forest Research 41: 177–189. Beets PN, Payton IJ. 2003. CMS Indigenous Forest and Shrubland QA/QC in Implementation Year 2002. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd and Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Beets PN, Robertson KA, Ford-Robertson JB, Gordon J, Maclaren JP. 1999. Description and validation of C_change: A model for simulating carbon content in managed Pinus radiata stands. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 29(3): 409–427. Brack C. 2009. Planted Forest Inventory Design: Post-1989 exotic. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Rotorua: Waiariki Institute of Technology. Brack C, Broadley J. 2010. Co-location of LiDAR and Post-1989 Forest Plots. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Rotorua: Waiariki Institute of Technology. Bretz F, Hothorn T, Westfall P, 2010. Multiple Comparisons Using R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 284 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013
Burnham KP, Anderson DR, 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. Carswell FE, Burrows LE, Hall GMJ, Mason NWH, Allen RB. 2012. Carbon and plant diversity gain during 200 years of woody succession in lowland. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 36(2): 191–202. Coomes DA, Allen RB, Scott NA, Goulding CJ, Beets PN. 2002. Designing systems to monitor carbon stocks in forests and shrublands. Forest Ecology and Management 164: 89–108. Daly BK, Wilde RH. 1997. Contribution of Soil Carbon to New Zealand’s CO 2 Emissions: I Reclassification of New Zealand Soil Series to IPCC Categories. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC9697/096. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Davis MR, Wakelin SJ. 2010. Perennial Cropland Biomass: Sampling Requirements. Report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited (trading as Scion). Contract report 11407. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Doherty JJ, Anderson SA, Pearce HG. 2008. An Analysis of Wildfire Records in New Zealand: 1991–2007. Contract report 12796 prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Forest Research Institute (trading as Scion). Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Draper NR, Smith H, 1998. Applied Regression Analysis. New York: Wiley. Dresser M, Hewitt A, Willoughby J, Bellis S. 2011. Area of organic soils. Unpublished. Lincoln: Landcare Research Ltd. Dymond JR, Shepherd JD. 2004. The spatial distribution of indigenous forest and its composition in the Wellington region, New Zealand, from ETM+ satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 90: 116–125. Dymond JR, Shepherd JD, Arnold GC, Trotter CM. 2008. Estimating area of forest change by random sampling of change strata mapped using satellite imagery. Forest Science 54(5): 475–480. Dymond JR, Shepherd JD, Qi J. 2001. A simple physical model of vegetation reflectance for standardising optical satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 37: 230–239. Elsgaard L, Görresa CM, Hoffmann CC, Blicher-Mathiesen G, Schelde K, Petersen SO. 2012. Net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 and carbon balance for eight temperate organic soils under agricultural management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 162: 52–67. Eyles GO. 1977. NZLRI worksheets and their applications to rural planning. Town Planning Quarterly 47: 38–44. Forest Industry Training and Education Council. 2005. Best Practice Guidelines for Land Preparation. Revised ed. Rotorua: Forest Industry Training and Education Council. Fraser S, Wilde H, Payton I, Scott J. 2009. Historic Soils Dataset – Land Use Reclassification. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Landcare Research. Contract report LC0809/131. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Garrett LG. 2009. Natural forests soils – Data checking and carbon content of the mineral soil. Contract report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Scion. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Garrett LG, Kimberley MO, Oliver GR, Pearce SH, Paul TSH. 2010. Decomposition of woody debris in managed Pinus radiata. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 1389–1398. Giltrap DJ, Betts H, Wilde RH, Oliver G, Tate KR, Baisden WT. 2001. Contribution of soil carbon to New Zealand’s CO 2 emissions. XIII: Integrate general linear model and digital elevation model. Landcare Research, Forest Research Joint Contract Report JNT 9899/136. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. GNS Science. 2009. LUM 2008 AQC Regional Reports. Contract deliverables prepared for Ministry for the Environment. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. Goulding C, Beets P, Duigan A, Davis M, Allen R, Payton I, Tate K, Wilde H. 2001. Development of a Carbon Monitoring System for the Indigenous Forest, Shrubland and Soils of New Zealand. New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013 285
Page 1 and 2:
New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inve
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Acknowledgements Key contributors M
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ewetting, are voluntary for the sec
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(table ES 3.1). This growth in emis
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Figure ES 4.3 Change in New Zealand
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Agriculture (chapter 5) 2013 New Ze
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Waste (chapter 7) The Waste sector
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in 1.AA.2.C Chemicals. Further deta
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Executive summary: References IPCC.
Page 19 and 20:
Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Chapter 14: Information on changes
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Table 5.1.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 6.5.1 New Zealand’s land-us
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Table 11.1.1 New Zealand’s emissi
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Figure 3.3.1 Reference and sectoral
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Figure 10.1.8 Effect of recalculati
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Convention were not enough to ensur
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i. New Zealand’s annual Inventory
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Quality control For this submission
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UNFCCC annual inventory review New
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Tier 1 methods apply IPCC default e
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The key categories that were identi
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Quantitative method used: IPPC Tier
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category level asse
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(a) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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cent from the trend uncertainty for
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Trading NZUs for international unit
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production of methanol has been spl
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Chapter 1: References Beets PN, Kim
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UNFCCC 2012a: FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/A
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population of non-dairy cattle, she
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Under the Climate Change Convention
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Table 2.2.1 New Zealand’s total (
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Figure 2.2.4 Change in New Zealand
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the forest management cap set at 3.
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Chapter 3: Energy 3.1 Sector overvi
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Table 3.1.1 Key sources of 1.A fuel
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improved significantly due to incre
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pricing information international
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the survey was conducted by Statist
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‒ Eleven landfill facilities, tot
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includes further information on liq
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Figure 3.3.4 Energy sector quality
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Figure 3.3.7 Carbon dioxide implied
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ecause the share of electricity gen
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Figure 3.3.9 Decision tree to ident
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Other - Other non-specified - Solid
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esult of this reallocation, and emi
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Figure 3.3.12 Splits used for manuf
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3.3.8 Fuel combustion: Transport (C
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Figure 3.3.13 Methane emissions fro
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‒ a is the slope of the line achi
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purpose-built natural gas (CNG) bus
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sufficient and robust enough to ens
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Residential - Liquid Fuels. Key cat
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Changes in emissions between 2012 a
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The main source of emissions from t
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emissions factor (UEF) in place of
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2000) has an emissions factor that
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Chapter 3: References Australian Bu
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Figure 4.1.1 New Zealand’s annual
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For PFCs in Aluminium production, a
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In 2013, the Mineral industry categ
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4.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series
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Emissions of CO 2 from hydrogen pro
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use of coal as a reducing agent and
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Perfluorocarbon emissions (t CO 2 -
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factors for the Iron and steel prod
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Table 4.7.1 New Zealand’s halocar
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commercial equipment is pre-charged
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agency. The weighted average quanti
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IPCC, 2000, Tier 1 approach was use
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Food and drink Emissions of NMVOCs
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Chapter 5: Agricu ulture 5.1 Sector
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emissions from manure management co
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population and the reduction in non
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performed on a monthly basis. The e
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egional council boundaries changed.
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onwards for six livestock improveme
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The populations of goats, horses an
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Figure 5.1.6: Agriculture sectoral
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non-urea synthetic fertiliser using
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leaders to follow, including the de
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The model has been updated to inclu
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Table 5.2.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 5.2.3 New Zealand’s implied
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grass-legume pasture, the predomina
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5.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
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Table 5.3.2 Distribution of livesto
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obtained from all New Zealand studi
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Nitrogen excretion rates for the mi
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Indirect nitrous oxide from manure
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the Enteric fermentation section, t
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(evaporation or sublimation) and su
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ivers, lakes and estuaries (Clough
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EF 1(UREA) = proportion of direct N
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MS T is the proportion of manure ex
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44 28 44 28 ∙ Where: AG
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with a peaty layer are included in
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Frac LEACH-H is the fraction of N a
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Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiami
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EF 3(PR&P) has the most influence o
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However, the authors concluded that
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5.7.2 Methodological issues The emi
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Chapter 5: References Some referenc
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Kelliher FM, Cox N, van der Weerden
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Thomas S, Wallace D, Beare M. 2014.
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2012-2013 Between 2012 and 2013, ne
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New Zealand’s exotic forest plant
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Table 6.1.4 New Zealand’s emissio
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Calculation of national emission es
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Further details on the emission fac
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land-use areas as at 1 January 1990
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Land-use subcategory Low producing
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The potential woody change layers w
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Figure 6.2.3 Land-use map of New Ze
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Figure 6.2.4 Identification of post
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no change: The area has not been de
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Figure 6.2.6 Land-use map of New Ze
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Prominent land-use changes between
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Table 6.2.6 New Zealand’s land-us
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6.2.4 Methodological change The 201
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had been detected at the 95 per cen
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In equation (4), , is the mean so
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767 samples and the smallest (Other
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significantly different from the re
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layer of the Land Environments New
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(Baisden et al, 2006a, 2006b). This
Page 266 and 267: Table 6.4.3 New Zealand’s net car
Page 268 and 269: Figure 6.4.2 New Zealand’s net ca
Page 270 and 271: Soil carbon changes associated with
Page 272 and 273: Figure 6.4.4 Location of New Zealan
Page 274 and 275: egenerating forest was driven prima
Page 276 and 277: The stand tending model: New Zealan
Page 278 and 279: Non-CO 2 emissions for pre-1990 pla
Page 280 and 281: (Stephens et al, 2012). In practice
Page 282 and 283: period is 2.2 tonnes C ha -1 yr -1
Page 284 and 285: Table 6.4.8 Uncertainty in New Zeal
Page 286 and 287: measured (Beets et al, 2011a, 2012a
Page 288 and 289: Mapping of forest areas will be ite
Page 290 and 291: section 6.2. Emissions and removals
Page 292 and 293: conversion (GPG-AFOLU, table 5.9, I
Page 294 and 295: 6.5.6 Category-specific planned imp
Page 296 and 297: more information on deforestation,
Page 298 and 299: matter prior to conversion is lost)
Page 300 and 301: The majority of New Zealand’s hyd
Page 302 and 303: Soil carbon Soil carbon stocks in L
Page 304 and 305: Table 6.8.2 New Zealand’s carbon
Page 306 and 307: An analysis of change in area shows
Page 308 and 309: new activity data from the improved
Page 310 and 311: 6.10.3 Uncertainties and time-serie
Page 312 and 313: Uncertainties and time-series consi
Page 314 and 315: with the clearing of vegetation pri
Page 318 and 319: Contract report prepared for the Mi
Page 320 and 321: www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climat
Page 322 and 323: Wakelin SJ, Beets PN. 2013. Emissio
Page 324 and 325: Table 7.1.1 New Zealand’s greenho
Page 326 and 327: municipal solid waste activity data
Page 328 and 329: Table 7.2.1 Landfill emissions in C
Page 330 and 331: Methane correction factor and oxida
Page 332 and 333: which have been filled by correlati
Page 334 and 335: 7.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
Page 336 and 337: 7.4.4 Source-specific QA/QC and ver
Page 338 and 339: production, and consequently the ne
Page 340 and 341: Summary of parameters used Table 7.
Page 342 and 343: Table 7.5.5 Parameter values applie
Page 344 and 345: Table 7.5.7 Parameter values applie
Page 346 and 347: Chapter 7: References Beca Infrastr
Page 348 and 349: Chapter 9: Indirect carbon dioxide
Page 350 and 351: Figure 10.1.1 Effect of recalculati
Page 352 and 353: Figure 10.1.4 Effect of change to o
Page 354 and 355: 10.1.3 Agriculture Improvements mad
Page 356 and 357: 10.1.4 Land use, land-use change an
Page 358 and 359: Table 10.1.5 Explanations and justi
Page 360 and 361: Table 10.1.8 Recalculations to New
Page 362 and 363: Sector CH 4 Energy - Navigation: li
Page 364 and 365: Chapter 11: KP-LULUCF 11.1 General
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Table 11.1.2 New Zealand’s emissi
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and Forestry, 2002). The two estate
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The Erosion Control Funding Program
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2009a). This led to a significant r
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Transitions to deforestation are ba
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Harvest of afforestation and refore
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is assumed that the carbon stock af
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gross:net accounting for afforestat
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Table 11.3.2 Recalculations to New
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period, whichever is later. In prac
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Figure 11.4.1 Verification of defor
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Recommends that, in case New Zealan
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Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
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12.2 Summary of the standard electr
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Table 12.2.2 Copies of the 2014 fir
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Party NZ Submission Year 2015 Repor
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Table 3. Expiry, cancellation and r
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Table 5 a. Summary information on a
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Table 12.2.4 Copies of the 2014 sec
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Table 5 (c). Summary information on
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Type of information to be made publ
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Type of information to be made publ
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12.5 Calculation of the commitment
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Chapter 13: Information on changes
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several earthquakes of 6.5-6.9 magn
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Section subheading measures 15/CMP.
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the issues related to the implement
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A further example is New Zealand’
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4.2 of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IP
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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Annex 2: Uncertainty analysis (tabl
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Table A2.1.1 The uncertainty calcul
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Table A2.1.2 The uncertainty calcul
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Annex 3.1: Detailed methodological
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Livestock category Non-dairy (beef)
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Table A3.1.2.3 Emission factors for
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Table A3.2.1 Uncertainty analysis f
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A3.2.2 LUCAS Data Management System
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database storage, management, versi
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Versioning at a number of levels en
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Annex 3: References Some references
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Annex 4: Methodology and data colle
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Table A4.2 Consumption-weighted ave
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Table A4.4 Nitrous oxide emission f
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Table A4.6 Carbon content (per cent
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Diesel N 2 O emission factors (mg/k
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446 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas
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Figure A4.2 New Zealand oil energy
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Annex 5: Additional material All su
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