ghg-inventory-1990-2013

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Thomas S, Wallace D, Beare M. 2014. Pasture renewal activity data and factors for New Zealand. Report prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries by Plant and Food Research. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries. Thomson BC, Muir PD, Davison R, Clark H. 2010. Review of population models within the national methane inventory (2010). Technical paper prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry by On-Farm Research (with cooperation by Meat and Wool New Zealand and AgResearch Ltd). Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Thomson BC, Muir PD, Davison R. 2012. Review of beef population models within the national methane inventory (2012). MPI Technical report (in press). Ulyatt MJ, Baker SK, McCrabb GJ, Lassey KR. 1999. Accuracy of the SF 6 tracer technology and alternatives for field measurements. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 1329–1334. van der Weerden A, de Klein C, Kellier F, Rollo M. 2014. Reporting to 2006 IPCC Guidelines for N 2 O emissions from additional sources of organic N: final report. MPI Technical report (in press) Waghorn G, Molano G, Lassey K. 2002. Estimates of whole herd methane production from cows at the Lincoln University Dairy Farm in January and March 2002. A preliminary report prepared for Landcare Research NZ Ltd (unpublished). Lincoln, Christchurch: Landcare Research NZ Ltd. Waghorn G, Molano G, Cavanagh A. 2003. An estimate of whole herd methane production from cows at the Lincoln University Dairy Farm in October 2003. Final report prepared for Landcare Research NZ Ltd. Palmerston North: AgResearch. Wheeler DM, Ledgard SF, de Klein CAM, Monaghan PL, Carey PL, McDowell RW, Johns KL. 2003. OVERSEER® Nutrient budgets – moving towards on-farm resource accounting. In: Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 2003. Palmerston North: New Zealand Grassland Association Inc. 190 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013
Chapter 6: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) 6.1 Sector overview Emissions summary 2013 In 2013, net emissions by the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector were –26,761.1 kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (kt CO 2 -e). This comprises net removals of –26,962.5 kt carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), emissions of 71.8 kt CO 2 -e of methane (CH 4 ) and 129.6 kt CO 2 -e of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The greatest contribution to removals was from the Land converted to forest land subcategory. The largest source of emissions was from the Land converted to grassland subcategory. 1990–2013 Net emissions in 2013 have increased by 1,893.3 kt CO 2 -e (6.6 per cent) from the 1990 level of –28,653.2 kt CO 2 -e (table 6.1.1 and figure 6.1.1). This is largely due to increased harvesting of plantation forests as a larger proportion of the estate reaches harvest age. Increased emissions in the Grassland land-use category are primarily due to the conversion of plantation forests to grassland that has occurred since 2003. The biomass emissions from land-use change are reported in the ‘land converted to’ category from the year of the event; changes in the mineral soil carbon stock are estimated as occurring over a 20-year period. Table 6.1.1 New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions for the LULUCF sector by land-use category in 1990 and 2013 Emissions (kt CO 2 -e) Difference % Change Land-use category 1990 2013 1990–2013 1990–2013 Forest land –30,226.1 –33,705.1 –3,479.0 11.5 Cropland 479.1 443.6 –35.5 –7.4 Grassland 1,104.3 6,469.5 5,365.2 485.8 Wetlands –21.8 4.7 26.6 –121.7 Settlements 2.3 –4.6 –6.9 –300.4 Other land 7.7 30. 8 23.1 298.5 Total LULUCF –28,654.4 –26,761.1 1,893.3 –6.6 Note: Net removals are expressed as a negative value in the table to help the reader in clarifying that the value is a removal and not an emission. Emissions for the harvested wood products pool are included under forest land. Columns may not total due to rounding. Emissions in the LULUCF sector are primarily caused by harvesting production forests, deforestation and the decomposition of organic material following these activities. However, removals are primarily because of the sequestration of carbon dioxide from plant growth and increases in the size of the harvested wood products pool. Nitrous oxide can be emitted from the ecosystem as a by-product of nitrification and de-nitrification and the burning of organic matter. Other gases released during Biomass burning include CH 4 , carbon monoxide (CO), other oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013 191
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New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inve
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Acknowledgements Key contributors M
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ewetting, are voluntary for the sec
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(table ES 3.1). This growth in emis
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Figure ES 4.3 Change in New Zealand
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Agriculture (chapter 5) 2013 New Ze
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Waste (chapter 7) The Waste sector
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in 1.AA.2.C Chemicals. Further deta
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Executive summary: References IPCC.
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Chapter 14: Information on changes
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Table 5.1.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 6.5.1 New Zealand’s land-us
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Table 11.1.1 New Zealand’s emissi
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Figure 3.3.1 Reference and sectoral
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Figure 10.1.8 Effect of recalculati
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Convention were not enough to ensur
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i. New Zealand’s annual Inventory
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Quality control For this submission
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UNFCCC annual inventory review New
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Tier 1 methods apply IPCC default e
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The key categories that were identi
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Quantitative method used: IPPC Tier
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category level asse
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(a) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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cent from the trend uncertainty for
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Trading NZUs for international unit
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production of methanol has been spl
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Chapter 1: References Beets PN, Kim
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UNFCCC 2012a: FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/A
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population of non-dairy cattle, she
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Under the Climate Change Convention
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Table 2.2.1 New Zealand’s total (
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Figure 2.2.4 Change in New Zealand
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the forest management cap set at 3.
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Chapter 3: Energy 3.1 Sector overvi
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Table 3.1.1 Key sources of 1.A fuel
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improved significantly due to incre
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pricing information international
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the survey was conducted by Statist
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‒ Eleven landfill facilities, tot
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includes further information on liq
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Figure 3.3.4 Energy sector quality
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Figure 3.3.7 Carbon dioxide implied
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ecause the share of electricity gen
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Figure 3.3.9 Decision tree to ident
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Other - Other non-specified - Solid
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esult of this reallocation, and emi
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Figure 3.3.12 Splits used for manuf
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3.3.8 Fuel combustion: Transport (C
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Figure 3.3.13 Methane emissions fro
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‒ a is the slope of the line achi
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purpose-built natural gas (CNG) bus
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sufficient and robust enough to ens
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Residential - Liquid Fuels. Key cat
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Changes in emissions between 2012 a
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The main source of emissions from t
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emissions factor (UEF) in place of
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2000) has an emissions factor that
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Chapter 3: References Australian Bu
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Figure 4.1.1 New Zealand’s annual
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For PFCs in Aluminium production, a
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In 2013, the Mineral industry categ
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4.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series
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Emissions of CO 2 from hydrogen pro
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use of coal as a reducing agent and
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Perfluorocarbon emissions (t CO 2 -
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factors for the Iron and steel prod
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Table 4.7.1 New Zealand’s halocar
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commercial equipment is pre-charged
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agency. The weighted average quanti
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IPCC, 2000, Tier 1 approach was use
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Food and drink Emissions of NMVOCs
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Chapter 5: Agricu ulture 5.1 Sector
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emissions from manure management co
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population and the reduction in non
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performed on a monthly basis. The e
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egional council boundaries changed.
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onwards for six livestock improveme
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The populations of goats, horses an
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Figure 5.1.6: Agriculture sectoral
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non-urea synthetic fertiliser using
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leaders to follow, including the de
Page 172 and 173: The model has been updated to inclu
Page 174 and 175: Table 5.2.1 Trends and relative con
Page 176 and 177: Table 5.2.3 New Zealand’s implied
Page 178 and 179: grass-legume pasture, the predomina
Page 180 and 181: 5.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
Page 182 and 183: Table 5.3.2 Distribution of livesto
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Page 186 and 187: Nitrogen excretion rates for the mi
Page 188 and 189: Indirect nitrous oxide from manure
Page 190 and 191: the Enteric fermentation section, t
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Page 196 and 197: EF 1(UREA) = proportion of direct N
Page 198 and 199: MS T is the proportion of manure ex
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Page 204 and 205: Frac LEACH-H is the fraction of N a
Page 206 and 207: Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiami
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Page 210 and 211: However, the authors concluded that
Page 212 and 213: 5.7.2 Methodological issues The emi
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 5: References Some referenc
Page 220 and 221: Kelliher FM, Cox N, van der Weerden
Page 224 and 225: 2012-2013 Between 2012 and 2013, ne
Page 226 and 227: New Zealand’s exotic forest plant
Page 228 and 229: Table 6.1.4 New Zealand’s emissio
Page 230 and 231: Calculation of national emission es
Page 232 and 233: Further details on the emission fac
Page 234 and 235: land-use areas as at 1 January 1990
Page 236 and 237: Land-use subcategory Low producing
Page 238 and 239: The potential woody change layers w
Page 240 and 241: Figure 6.2.3 Land-use map of New Ze
Page 242 and 243: Figure 6.2.4 Identification of post
Page 244 and 245: no change: The area has not been de
Page 246 and 247: Figure 6.2.6 Land-use map of New Ze
Page 248 and 249: Prominent land-use changes between
Page 250 and 251: Table 6.2.6 New Zealand’s land-us
Page 252 and 253: 6.2.4 Methodological change The 201
Page 254 and 255: had been detected at the 95 per cen
Page 256 and 257: In equation (4), , is the mean so
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Page 260 and 261: significantly different from the re
Page 262 and 263: layer of the Land Environments New
Page 264 and 265: (Baisden et al, 2006a, 2006b). This
Page 266 and 267: Table 6.4.3 New Zealand’s net car
Page 268 and 269: Figure 6.4.2 New Zealand’s net ca
Page 270 and 271: Soil carbon changes associated with
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Figure 6.4.4 Location of New Zealan
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egenerating forest was driven prima
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The stand tending model: New Zealan
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Non-CO 2 emissions for pre-1990 pla
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(Stephens et al, 2012). In practice
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period is 2.2 tonnes C ha -1 yr -1
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Table 6.4.8 Uncertainty in New Zeal
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measured (Beets et al, 2011a, 2012a
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Mapping of forest areas will be ite
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section 6.2. Emissions and removals
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conversion (GPG-AFOLU, table 5.9, I
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6.5.6 Category-specific planned imp
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more information on deforestation,
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matter prior to conversion is lost)
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The majority of New Zealand’s hyd
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Soil carbon Soil carbon stocks in L
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Table 6.8.2 New Zealand’s carbon
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An analysis of change in area shows
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new activity data from the improved
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6.10.3 Uncertainties and time-serie
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Uncertainties and time-series consi
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with the clearing of vegetation pri
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Chapter 6: References Ausseil A, Ja
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Contract report prepared for the Mi
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www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climat
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Wakelin SJ, Beets PN. 2013. Emissio
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Table 7.1.1 New Zealand’s greenho
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municipal solid waste activity data
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Table 7.2.1 Landfill emissions in C
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Methane correction factor and oxida
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which have been filled by correlati
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7.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
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7.4.4 Source-specific QA/QC and ver
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production, and consequently the ne
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Summary of parameters used Table 7.
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Table 7.5.5 Parameter values applie
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Table 7.5.7 Parameter values applie
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Chapter 7: References Beca Infrastr
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Chapter 9: Indirect carbon dioxide
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Figure 10.1.1 Effect of recalculati
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Figure 10.1.4 Effect of change to o
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10.1.3 Agriculture Improvements mad
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10.1.4 Land use, land-use change an
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Table 10.1.5 Explanations and justi
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Table 10.1.8 Recalculations to New
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Sector CH 4 Energy - Navigation: li
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Chapter 11: KP-LULUCF 11.1 General
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Table 11.1.2 New Zealand’s emissi
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and Forestry, 2002). The two estate
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The Erosion Control Funding Program
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2009a). This led to a significant r
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Transitions to deforestation are ba
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Harvest of afforestation and refore
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is assumed that the carbon stock af
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gross:net accounting for afforestat
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Table 11.3.2 Recalculations to New
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period, whichever is later. In prac
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Figure 11.4.1 Verification of defor
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Recommends that, in case New Zealan
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Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
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12.2 Summary of the standard electr
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Table 12.2.2 Copies of the 2014 fir
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Party NZ Submission Year 2015 Repor
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Table 3. Expiry, cancellation and r
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Table 5 a. Summary information on a
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Table 12.2.4 Copies of the 2014 sec
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Table 5 (c). Summary information on
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Type of information to be made publ
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Type of information to be made publ
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12.5 Calculation of the commitment
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Chapter 13: Information on changes
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several earthquakes of 6.5-6.9 magn
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Section subheading measures 15/CMP.
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the issues related to the implement
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A further example is New Zealand’
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4.2 of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IP
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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Annex 2: Uncertainty analysis (tabl
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Table A2.1.1 The uncertainty calcul
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Table A2.1.2 The uncertainty calcul
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Annex 3.1: Detailed methodological
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Livestock category Non-dairy (beef)
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Table A3.1.2.3 Emission factors for
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Table A3.2.1 Uncertainty analysis f
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A3.2.2 LUCAS Data Management System
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database storage, management, versi
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Versioning at a number of levels en
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Annex 3: References Some references
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Annex 4: Methodology and data colle
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Table A4.2 Consumption-weighted ave
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Table A4.4 Nitrous oxide emission f
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Table A4.6 Carbon content (per cent
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Diesel N 2 O emission factors (mg/k
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446 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas
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Figure A4.2 New Zealand oil energy
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Annex 5: Additional material All su
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