ghg-inventory-1990-2013

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The model has been updated to include the recalculations approved for the 2015 Inventory submission. Error checking and reporting Errors confirmed during the year are recorded and the national Inventory compiler is notified. The factors contributing to the error are assessed. As part of a review of QA/QC procedures by Deloitte, a sample of workbooks was tested with proprietary diagnostic tools to test formulae consistency across time periods. An issues register was maintained throughout the QA/QC review process by Deloitte, which includes a description of agreed actions to resolve each issue. An issues, risks and enhancements register is kept up-to-date and is used to prioritise the resolution of key sources of risk to the Agriculture Inventory compilation and results. A checklist of QC activities is followed during data collection and entry into the model, data upload to the CRF reporting tool, and Inventory chapter preparation. The Agriculture chapter of the National Inventory Report and the data exported to the Common Reporting Format reporter are signed off by the chapter compiler, persons involved in data checking and the manager responsible for the staff. Documentation Internal working instructions are maintained to allow for staff movements. Workbooks and calculation sheets are kept on an electronic archiving and management system, enabling wider team access to all workbooks. Hyperlinks between check sheets, sign off documents and workbooks are used to link relevant files on the document management system. Training and development Staff involved with the compilation of the Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Inventory are encouraged to complete the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol national system training and to participate in expert review teams to develop review experience and learn from what other countries are doing. 5.1.7 Planned improvements Short-term improvements include: A review of the partitioning of nitrogen in excreta between dung and urine in grazing livestock. Including the effect of land slope on N 2 O emissions from excreta (non-dairy cattle, sheep and deer) (and possibly fertiliser) deposited on grazed hill country. A review of the treatment of uncertainty and including an update to the uncertainty analysis for the Agriculture sector. Inclusion of activity data for barn and free-range poultry provided by the Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand (PIANZ). Longer term trials are also being completed to improve the estimates of: The relationship between DMI and CH 4 emissions from lactating dairy cattle. 140 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013
The direct N 2 O emissions factor (EF 1 ) and ammonium emissions for urea nitrogen fertiliser and dairy shed effluent under a range and combination of treatments with nitrogen inhibitors including urease inhibitors. The direct N 2 O emissions from grazing livestock manure (EF 3 ) to address knowledge gaps for deer, manure deposited on irrigated land and different soils types. Trials on N 2 O emissions from very steep slopes (greater than 25 degrees). Trials on N 2 O emissions under different environmental conditions. Updating national estimates of pasture quality especially for metabolisable energy, nitrogen and dry matter digestibility. Revisiting enteric emissions factors for sheep including the results of recent trials using new calorimeters based at New Zealand’s Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Research Centre. These specific planned improvements are discussed in further detail in the relevant sector recalculation sections 5.2.5 (Enteric fermentation (CRF 3A)), 5.3.5 (Manure management CRF 3B) and 5.5.5 (Agricultural soils CRF 3D). 5.2 Enteric fermentation (CRF 3.I.A) 5.2.1 Description Methane is a by-product of digestion in ruminants, for example in cattle and sheep, and in some non-ruminant animals, such as swine and horses. Within the Agriculture sector, ruminants are the largest source of CH 4 . The amount of CH 4 released depends on the quantity of feed consumed, which is determined by the type, age and weight of the animal, animal production, feed quality and the energy expenditure of the animal. In 2013, enteric fermentation contributed 28,441.1 kt CO 2 -e. This represented 34.9 per cent of New Zealand’s total CO 2 -e emissions and 72.6 per cent of agricultural emissions. Dairy and non-dairy cattle contributed 18,608.7 kt CO 2 -e (65.4 per cent) of emissions from the Enteric fermentation category and sheep contributed 9,223.3 kt CO 2 -e (32.4 per cent) of emissions from this category. Emissions from the Enteric fermentation category in 2013 were 2,130.9 kt CO 2 -e (8.1 per cent) above the 1990 level of 26,310.2 kt CO 2 -e. Methane emissions from the Enteric fermentation category from dairy cattle and sheep were identified as the largest key categories for New Zealand in the 2015 level assessment, and were also assessed as key categories for trend assessment. In accordance with IPCC good practice guidance (IPCC, 2000), the methodology used by New Zealand for calculating CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation in domestic livestock is a Tier 2 modelling approach. Since 1990, there have been changes in the relative sources of emissions within the Enteric fermentation category (table 5.2.1). The largest increase came from emissions from dairy cattle. In 2013, dairy cattle were responsible for 13,216.3 kt CO 2 -e, an increase of 7,264.7 kt CO 2 -e (122.1 per cent) from the 1990 level of 5,951.6 kt CO 2 -e. Meanwhile, there have been decreases in emissions from non-dairy cattle, sheep and minor livestock populations, such as goats, horses and swine. New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2013 141
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New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inve
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Acknowledgements Key contributors M
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ewetting, are voluntary for the sec
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(table ES 3.1). This growth in emis
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Figure ES 4.3 Change in New Zealand
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Agriculture (chapter 5) 2013 New Ze
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Waste (chapter 7) The Waste sector
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in 1.AA.2.C Chemicals. Further deta
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Executive summary: References IPCC.
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Chapter 4: Industrial Processes and
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Chapter 14: Information on changes
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Table 5.1.1 Trends and relative con
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Table 6.5.1 New Zealand’s land-us
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Table 11.1.1 New Zealand’s emissi
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Figure 3.3.1 Reference and sectoral
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Figure 10.1.8 Effect of recalculati
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Convention were not enough to ensur
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i. New Zealand’s annual Inventory
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Quality control For this submission
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UNFCCC annual inventory review New
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Tier 1 methods apply IPCC default e
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The key categories that were identi
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Quantitative method used: IPPC Tier
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category level asse
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(a) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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(b) IPCC Tier 1 category trend asse
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cent from the trend uncertainty for
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Trading NZUs for international unit
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production of methanol has been spl
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Chapter 1: References Beets PN, Kim
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UNFCCC 2012a: FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/A
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population of non-dairy cattle, she
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Under the Climate Change Convention
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Table 2.2.1 New Zealand’s total (
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Figure 2.2.4 Change in New Zealand
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the forest management cap set at 3.
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Chapter 3: Energy 3.1 Sector overvi
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Table 3.1.1 Key sources of 1.A fuel
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improved significantly due to incre
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pricing information international
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the survey was conducted by Statist
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‒ Eleven landfill facilities, tot
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includes further information on liq
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Figure 3.3.4 Energy sector quality
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Figure 3.3.7 Carbon dioxide implied
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ecause the share of electricity gen
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Figure 3.3.9 Decision tree to ident
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Other - Other non-specified - Solid
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esult of this reallocation, and emi
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Figure 3.3.12 Splits used for manuf
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3.3.8 Fuel combustion: Transport (C
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Figure 3.3.13 Methane emissions fro
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‒ a is the slope of the line achi
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purpose-built natural gas (CNG) bus
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sufficient and robust enough to ens
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Residential - Liquid Fuels. Key cat
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Changes in emissions between 2012 a
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The main source of emissions from t
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emissions factor (UEF) in place of
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2000) has an emissions factor that
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Page 126 and 127: Figure 4.1.1 New Zealand’s annual
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Page 132 and 133: 4.2.3 Uncertainties and time-series
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Page 138 and 139: Perfluorocarbon emissions (t CO 2 -
Page 140 and 141: factors for the Iron and steel prod
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7.1 New Zealand’s halocar
Page 144 and 145: commercial equipment is pre-charged
Page 146 and 147: agency. The weighted average quanti
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Page 150 and 151: Food and drink Emissions of NMVOCs
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 5: Agricu ulture 5.1 Sector
Page 154 and 155: emissions from manure management co
Page 156 and 157: population and the reduction in non
Page 158 and 159: performed on a monthly basis. The e
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Page 162 and 163: onwards for six livestock improveme
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Page 166 and 167: Figure 5.1.6: Agriculture sectoral
Page 168 and 169: non-urea synthetic fertiliser using
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Page 174 and 175: Table 5.2.1 Trends and relative con
Page 176 and 177: Table 5.2.3 New Zealand’s implied
Page 178 and 179: grass-legume pasture, the predomina
Page 180 and 181: 5.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
Page 182 and 183: Table 5.3.2 Distribution of livesto
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Page 186 and 187: Nitrogen excretion rates for the mi
Page 188 and 189: Indirect nitrous oxide from manure
Page 190 and 191: the Enteric fermentation section, t
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Page 196 and 197: EF 1(UREA) = proportion of direct N
Page 198 and 199: MS T is the proportion of manure ex
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Page 204 and 205: Frac LEACH-H is the fraction of N a
Page 206 and 207: Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiami
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Page 212 and 213: 5.7.2 Methodological issues The emi
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Thomas S, Wallace D, Beare M. 2014.
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2012-2013 Between 2012 and 2013, ne
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New Zealand’s exotic forest plant
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Table 6.1.4 New Zealand’s emissio
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Calculation of national emission es
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Further details on the emission fac
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land-use areas as at 1 January 1990
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Land-use subcategory Low producing
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The potential woody change layers w
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Figure 6.2.3 Land-use map of New Ze
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Figure 6.2.4 Identification of post
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no change: The area has not been de
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Figure 6.2.6 Land-use map of New Ze
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Prominent land-use changes between
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Table 6.2.6 New Zealand’s land-us
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6.2.4 Methodological change The 201
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had been detected at the 95 per cen
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In equation (4), , is the mean so
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767 samples and the smallest (Other
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significantly different from the re
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layer of the Land Environments New
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(Baisden et al, 2006a, 2006b). This
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Table 6.4.3 New Zealand’s net car
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Figure 6.4.2 New Zealand’s net ca
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Soil carbon changes associated with
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Figure 6.4.4 Location of New Zealan
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egenerating forest was driven prima
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The stand tending model: New Zealan
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Non-CO 2 emissions for pre-1990 pla
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(Stephens et al, 2012). In practice
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period is 2.2 tonnes C ha -1 yr -1
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Table 6.4.8 Uncertainty in New Zeal
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measured (Beets et al, 2011a, 2012a
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Mapping of forest areas will be ite
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section 6.2. Emissions and removals
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conversion (GPG-AFOLU, table 5.9, I
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6.5.6 Category-specific planned imp
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more information on deforestation,
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matter prior to conversion is lost)
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The majority of New Zealand’s hyd
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Soil carbon Soil carbon stocks in L
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Table 6.8.2 New Zealand’s carbon
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An analysis of change in area shows
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new activity data from the improved
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6.10.3 Uncertainties and time-serie
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Uncertainties and time-series consi
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with the clearing of vegetation pri
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Chapter 6: References Ausseil A, Ja
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Contract report prepared for the Mi
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www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climat
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Wakelin SJ, Beets PN. 2013. Emissio
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Table 7.1.1 New Zealand’s greenho
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municipal solid waste activity data
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Table 7.2.1 Landfill emissions in C
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Methane correction factor and oxida
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which have been filled by correlati
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7.2.6 Source-specific planned impro
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7.4.4 Source-specific QA/QC and ver
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production, and consequently the ne
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Summary of parameters used Table 7.
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Table 7.5.5 Parameter values applie
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Table 7.5.7 Parameter values applie
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Chapter 7: References Beca Infrastr
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Chapter 9: Indirect carbon dioxide
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Figure 10.1.1 Effect of recalculati
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Figure 10.1.4 Effect of change to o
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10.1.3 Agriculture Improvements mad
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10.1.4 Land use, land-use change an
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Table 10.1.5 Explanations and justi
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Table 10.1.8 Recalculations to New
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Sector CH 4 Energy - Navigation: li
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Chapter 11: KP-LULUCF 11.1 General
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Table 11.1.2 New Zealand’s emissi
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and Forestry, 2002). The two estate
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The Erosion Control Funding Program
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2009a). This led to a significant r
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Transitions to deforestation are ba
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Harvest of afforestation and refore
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is assumed that the carbon stock af
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gross:net accounting for afforestat
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Table 11.3.2 Recalculations to New
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period, whichever is later. In prac
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Figure 11.4.1 Verification of defor
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Recommends that, in case New Zealan
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Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
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12.2 Summary of the standard electr
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Table 12.2.2 Copies of the 2014 fir
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Party NZ Submission Year 2015 Repor
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Table 3. Expiry, cancellation and r
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Table 5 a. Summary information on a
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Table 12.2.4 Copies of the 2014 sec
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Table 5 (c). Summary information on
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Table 6 a. Memo item: corrective tr
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Type of information to be made publ
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Type of information to be made publ
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12.5 Calculation of the commitment
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Chapter 13: Information on changes
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several earthquakes of 6.5-6.9 magn
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Section subheading measures 15/CMP.
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the issues related to the implement
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A further example is New Zealand’
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4.2 of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IP
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category level assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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IPCC Tier 1 category trend assessme
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Annex 2: Uncertainty analysis (tabl
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Table A2.1.1 The uncertainty calcul
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Table A2.1.2 The uncertainty calcul
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Annex 3.1: Detailed methodological
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Livestock category Non-dairy (beef)
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Table A3.1.2.3 Emission factors for
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Table A3.2.1 Uncertainty analysis f
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A3.2.2 LUCAS Data Management System
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database storage, management, versi
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Versioning at a number of levels en
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Annex 3: References Some references
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Annex 4: Methodology and data colle
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Table A4.2 Consumption-weighted ave
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Table A4.4 Nitrous oxide emission f
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Table A4.6 Carbon content (per cent
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Diesel N 2 O emission factors (mg/k
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446 New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas
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Figure A4.2 New Zealand oil energy
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Annex 5: Additional material All su
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