ISSUE 182 : Jul/Aug - 2010 - Australian Defence Force Journal

NOTES1. This article is based on an information brief presented in the Russell Theatrette, Russell Offices,Canberra, on 22 February 2010.2. Defence White Paper 2009, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, Canberra:Department of Defence, 2009.3. Candyce Clark and Stan Wilson, ‘An overview of global observing systems relevant to GODAE’,Oceanography, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2009, pp. 22-3.4. Sam Bateman and Anthony Bergin, ‘Sea Change: Advancing Australia’s ocean interests’, AustralianStrategic Policy Institute, 2009: 5. Oceans Policy Science Advisory Group, ‘A Marine Nation: National framework for marine researchand innovation’, March 2009: 6. Arnold L. Gordon and Rana A. Fine, ‘Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in theIndonesian Seas’, Nature, Vol. 379, 11 January 1996, pp. 146-9.7. M. Roughan and J. H. Middleton, ‘A comparison of observed upwelling mechanisms off the EastCoast of Australia’, Continental Shelf Research, Vol. 22, 2002, pp. 2251-72.8. G. R. Cresswell and T. J. Golding, ‘Observations of a south-flowing current in the southeasternIndian Ocean’, Deep Sea Research, Part I, Vol. 27, June 1980, pp. 449-66.9. K. R. Ridgway and J. S. Godfrey, ‘Seasonal cycle of the East Australian Current’, Journal of GeophysicalResearch – Oceans, Vol. 102, Part C10, 1997, pp. 22921-36.10. Navy Hydrography and METOC Branch, ‘Strategic Statement 2010-2012’, 29 October 2009.Function 2 is defined as ‘Acquire, manage, produce and deliver hydrographic, meteorological andoceanographic information to enable freedom of manoeuvre in Australia’s maritime domain andenable Australian Defence Force assets to exploit the above and below water physical operatingenvironment for strategic, operational and tactical advantage’.11. Christopher Drew, ‘Submarine crash shows Navy had gaps in mapping system’, New York Times,15 January 2005. The article says, inter alia, ‘Defense Department officials said the incidenthappened in such a desolate area, 360 miles southeast of Guam, that updating their depiction ofthe undersea terrain was never considered a priority. The new information about the charting flawsalso illustrates what many experts say is a broader danger not only to submarines but also to manysurface ships. At the same time, it provides a glimpse into the arcane task of plotting an underseaworld that in some areas is still more mysterious than the surfaces of Mars or Venus’.12. IHO Publication No. 55, 3rd edition, 2004, updated 31 January 2010, ‘Status of hydrographicsurveying and nautical charting worldwide’. The statistics presented are from the section entitled:‘Status of hydrographic surveys’: see 13. Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science and Research press release dated 12 May 2009: seeThis announcement includes ‘An immediate priority for Australia is to commence a $120m projectto build a new state-of-the-art deep water research vessel [and]$29.6m for maintenance of theRV Southern Surveyor over the next three years. Other elements include a $52m extension of theIntegrated Marine Observing System network, $55m for infrastructure investments at the Australian14