GOLD Report I - UCLG

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195Table 6Associations of Municipalities in Latin AmericaCountry / Region Name of the Association Acronym Year foundedRegional AssociationsLatin America Latin American Federation Cities, Municipalities and Local Government Associations FLACMA 2003Sub-regional AssociationsCentral America Federation of Municipalities of the Central American Isthmus FEMICA 1991Mercosur Mercocities 1995National AssociationsArgentina Argentine Federation of Municipalities FAM 1997Bolivia Federation of Municipal Associations of Bolivia FAM 1999Brazil Brazilian Association of Municipalities ABM 1946National Confederation of Municipalities CNM 1980National Front of Prefects FNP 2001Colombia Colombian Federation of Municipalities FCM 1989Costa Rica National Union of Local Governments UNGL 1977Chile Chilean Association of Municipalities ACHM 1993Ecuador Association of Ecuadorian Municipalities AME 1940El Salvador Municipal Corporation of the Republic of El Salvador COMURES 1941Guatemala National Association of Municipalities of Guatemala ANAM 1960Honduras Association of Municipalities of Honduras AMHON 1962Mexico Association of Local Authorities of Mexico AALMAC 1997Mexican Association of Municipalities AMMAC 1994National Federation of Municipalities of Mexico FENAMM 1997Nicaragua Association of Municipalities of Nicaragua AMUNIC 1993Panama Association of Municipalities of Panama AMUPA 1995Paraguay Paraguayan Organization of Inter-municipal Cooperation OPACI 1964Peru Association of Municipalities of Peru AMPE 1982National Association of District Mayors ANADIS 2003Network of Rural Municipalities of Peru REMURPE 1997Dominican Rep. Dominican Federation of Municipalities FEDOMU 2001Uruguay National Congress of Intendentes CNI 1959Venezuela, R. B. Association of Venezuelan Mayors ADAVE 1996Association of Boliviarian MayorsADABOVE
LATIN AMERICA196United Cities and Local Governmentsauthorities. With the exception of Brazil,Ecuador and various Central Americancountries, the majority of regional andnational associations of municipalities inLatin America were established between1980 and 2000 (see table 6).In some countries, the associations enjoy alegal status recognized by national legislation(Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia,Paraguay, Uruguay). However, theirrepresentative and institutional capacitiesare uneven. In general they offer advisoryservices, information and training, maintaincontact with the governments andchannel resources from international cooperation.Many of them have incipient institutionalstructures.In some countries, the associations enjoy a legal statusrecognized by national legislation. The majority of countriesalso have sub-national associations of regional municipalitiesThe Latin American Federation of Cities,Municipalities and Local GovernmentAssociations (FLACMA), whose roots dateback to 1981, brings together the majorityof national associations in the region.In addition, two sub-regional organizationsoperate: FEMICA with the six nationalassociations of Central America(AMHON, AMUNIC, AMUPA, ANAM, COMU-RES, UNGL) and the Mercocities Networkwith 181 associated cities in Argentina,Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, República Bolivarianade Venezuela, Chile and Bolivia.Recently, a network of Andean cities hasbeen set up, and COSUDAM, anotherorganization made up of local governmentassociations, was established.The majority of countries also have subnationalassociations of regional municipalities.Bolivia’s FAM is, in fact, a federationof departmental associations of municipalities.There also exist associations ofindigenous mayors (AGAAI in Guatemala,Coordinator of Alternative Local Governmentsin Ecuador) and associative structuresof aldermen or town councillors (Colombia,Paraguay, Uruguay).The governors of provinces and states,and more recently of regions or departments,create their own organizations,such as CONAGO in Mexico, and theNational Conference of Governors inColombia. At the end of 2004, the LatinAmerican Organization of IntermediateGovernments, OLAGI, was set up, bringingtogether governors, intendentes,prefects and regional presidents from 14Latin American countries that administerintermediate governments.A number of local-government women’sorganizations have been formed in LatinAmerica, including: the Association ofWomen Councilors of Bolivia (ACOBOL);the National Association of Women Councilorsand Mayors of El Salvador (ANDRY-SAS); the Ecuadorian Association ofFemale Municipal Employees (AMUME);and the Paraguayan Network of Women inMunicipal Government (RMMP). In other countries,there are organizations operating atsub-regional levels, such as the Networkof Women Councilors of Ayacucho in Peru.Additionally, a bi-annual Congress of womenmayors and councilors is held withinthe organizational framework of the ChileanAssociation of Municipalities. In1998, the Latin American and CaribbeanFederation of Women in Local Government(FEMUM-ALC) was set up; the organizationis linked to FLACMA.V. Achievements, limitations andperspectives on decentralizationAlthough progressive and sometimes contradictory,the decentralization and strengtheningof the municipalities and intermediategovernments of Latin America is a reality. Injust over two decades, there have beenimportant achievements.• Election by the people of local authoritieshas become common, changing theway that parties operate, bringing
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Decentralizationand local democracy
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UCLG wishes to acknowledge the Supp
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© 2008 United Cities and Local Gov
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FOREWORD8 United Cities and Local G
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PREFACE10 United Cities and Local G
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EDITORIAL PROJECT12 United Cities a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS14 United Cities and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS16 United Cities and
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INTRODUCTION18 United Cities and Lo
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INTRODUCTION20 United Cities and Lo
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AFRI C AMUSTAPHA BEN LETAIEFCHARLES
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23I. IntroductionAfrica encompasses
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25CCountry Political Type of state
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27and local governments are defined
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29torical context from which they e
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31aid. In some cases, central gover
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33suffrage. Metropolitan councillor
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35Table 3 Responsibilities of local
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37taxation. VAT has been establishe
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39disbursements to local government
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41Table 4 Human resource situationC
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43Table 5 Portrait of local democra
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45view and approve executive bodies
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47V. ConclusionThis overall picture
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ASIA-PACIFIC50 United Cities and Lo
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ASIA-PACIFIC52United Cities and Loc
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EURASIAT. Y. K HABRIE VA(C HIEF RES
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95I. IntroductionThis chapter analy
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97Table 1General Information and Te
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99The constitutions of several stat
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101vote. Rather, control of local m
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103Capitals and Metropolitan AreasT
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105losing their local, own sources
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107Table 3Local Finance Indicators
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109Education. In the majority of st
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111Table 4Functions of Local Govern
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113execution of their duties munici
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115State Formation of local Local e
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117State Formation of local Local e
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119On the whole, local elections in
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121neighborhood, part of a resident
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123corporate) persons may be resolv
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125fragile, in part due to complica
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EUROPE128 United Cities and Local G
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EUROPE130United Cities and Local Go
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EUROPE134 United Cities and Local G
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Page 149 and 150: EUROPE146United Cities and Local Go
Page 170 and 171: L ATIN AMERICAMARI O ROS ALESSALVAD
Page 172 and 173: 167I. IntroductionLatin America is
Page 174 and 175: 169Nevertheless, the depth of the r
Page 176 and 177: 171America (see graph 1). The feder
Page 178 and 179: 173initially appointed by the natio
Page 180 and 181: 175nicipal (Municipal Budget Regime
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Page 188 and 189: 183BoxTransfer Systems in Latin Ame
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Page 192 and 193: 187Table 4 Municipal responsibiliti
Page 194 and 195: 189percentage of houses connected t
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Page 238 and 239: 233I. IntroductionThis chapter comp
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Page 242 and 243: 237Decentralization has attracted t
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245years. In the U.S. there are oft
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247tion of Canadian Municipalities
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249One of the most important roles
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251V. ConclusionIn both Canada and
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE254 United C
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE256United Ci
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE278 United C
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CONCLUSION280 United Cities and Loc
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POSTFACE304 United Cities and Local
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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317AfricaBanque Mondiale, 2003, Ré
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319International Monetary Fund, 200
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321EurasiaAdministrativnaya reforma
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323Regulirovanie voprosov organizac
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325Guérin-Lavignotte, E., Kerrouch
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327--- Descentralización, transfer
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329Middle East and West AsiaUnited
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331North AmericaSaudi Ministry of R
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333Laubach, T., 2005, Fiscal Relati
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335Metropolitan GovernanceU.S. Bure
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337Kübler, D., 2005, Problems and
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339ConclusionAalborg C., 1994, Char
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341Rothblatt, D. N. and Sancton A.
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